Fullerene‐Based Conducting Polymers:n‐Dopable Materials for Charge Storage Application

Abstract

structure, which can be easily covalently modified. Progress in extensive organic chemistry of fullerene development facilitates the production of a variety of fullerene derivatives with different structures and physicochemical properties. Additionally, the polyhedral structure of fullerenes containing a large number of bonding sites provides an opportunity for a wide range of covalent modifications. Polymeric structures containing fullerene moieties represent a particularly large class of materials in terms of their number, composition, structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties. [24-29] Some of the most common structures of these polymeric materials are schematically shown in Figure 1. The simplest and most common structures are composites formed from the polymeric chains and fullerenes. Fullerenes form a crystalline phase in the polymeric matrix [30] or are incorporated as guest molecules into polymeric chain containing host moieties. [31] In both cases, covalent interactions are not formed between fullerenes and the polymeric network. However, van der Waals and electrostatic interactions, as well as possible charge transfer between both components of the composite significantly modulate the electronic structure of the polymer/fullerene interphase. [32,33] A stronger electronic interaction between the polymer component and fullerene moieties is expected for the system in which carbon cages are covalently bound to the polymeric chain or covalently incorporated into the polymeric backbone. In the case of in-chain structures, fullerene moieties are separated by short organic conjugated linkers, [34-37] small inorganic linkers, [37-39] or metal atoms and metal complexes. [7,8,29,40-42] A large group of fullerene-based materials consists of organic conducting polymers containing fullerenes attached covalently to the polymer chain by the linker. [43-46] The physicochemical properties of these materials depend on the polymer chain, linker structures, and the density of fullerene moieties within the polymeric material. Similar to olefins, fullerene form homopolymers through [2+2] cycloaddition. [47-51] Fullerene homopolymers, in-chain and side chain fullerene polymers can be cross-linked to form 3D polymeric structures. A large number of reactive π-bond centers in the fullerene moiety enable the formation of star-shaped macromolecular systems with polymeric chains covalently grafted to the C 60. [52-57] In common structures, the number of linked This article provides a comprehensive review of research related to the formation and electrochemical properties of fullerene-based conducting polymeric materials. The paper begins with an overview of composites containing fullerenes incorporated into the network of a conducting polymer through van der Walls, electrostatic, or guest-host interactions. The properties of these composites are generally a superposition of the properties of the individual components. More attention is devoted to the structures in which fullerene is covalently incorporated into the polyme...

Electroactive macromolecular motors as model materials of ectotherm muscles

“…Electrochemical macromolecular motors from conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphenes and other electroactive materials act as transducers between thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical energies. The way is open now to translate those concepts attained form the temperature inuence on both, the material reactions and the articial muscles actuation to increase either, the energetic efficiencies, the transition times and the amplitude of the transient magnitude of any other electrical or electrochemical device working by cooperative actuation of macromolecular electrochemical motors: batteries and super-capacitors, [107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118] smart windows, 116,[119][120][121][122][123][124] smart membranes, [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] nervous interfaces or articial chemical synapse, 134,[137][138][139][140] smart skins, smart drug delivery, 141-146 ionic trapping, 32,33,147 and so on.…”

Photo-assisted charge/discharge Li-organic battery with a charge-separated and redox-active C60@porous organic cage cathode

“…As a well-known guest molecule and electron acceptor, C 60 has been widely used in the studies of light-induced processes due to its effectiveness in promoting electronic conductivity, charge separation and charge transfer efficiency. 18–20 Therefore, designing C 60 @POC materials with a guest–host structure to simultaneously realize high charge separation efficiency and redox activity are of great interest. Herein, we report an organic material composed of C 60 guest molecules inside a porous organic cage (C 60 @POC) with effective light-harvesting and energy storage functions to realize highly-efficient solar energy conversion and storage as the cathode in a photo-assisted Li-organic battery.…”

Stable and Solution‐Processable Cumulenic sp‐Carbon Wires: A New Paradigm for Organic Electronics

“…This peculiar trait is also common to low‐dimensional carbon nanostructures that show exceptional (opto‐)electronic properties, such as graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. [ 20–23 ]…”

“…low-dimensional carbon nanostructures that show exceptional (opto-)electronic properties, such as graphene, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes. [20][21][22][23] There exists an alternative class of π-conjugated molecules with backbones formed from sp-hybridized carbon atoms. Known as carbon atom wires (CAWs) or linear carbon chains, these molecules are regarded as an oligomeric form of the socalled "carbyne," a purely one-dimensional carbon allotrope made of an infinite chain of sp-carbons.…”