Functional divergence of human genioglossus motor units with respiratory-related activity

Tsuiki, Satoru; Ono, Takashi; Ishiwata, Yasuo; Kuroda, Takayuki

doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15e16.x

Cited by 53 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…( Tangel et al 1992;Wasicko et al 1993;Mezzanotte et al 1996;Tsuiki et al 2000;Saboisky et al 2007) or a majority of men (Sauerland and Harper 1976;Leiter and Andrew 1990;Douglas et al 1993;Williams et al 2000;Jordan et al 2010;Saboisky et al 2010;Wilkinson et al 2010). We do not consider that the proportion of women in the study lessens the credibility of the findings.…”

Section: T I T E F R V T V T /T I and V E In Each Task Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In view of the muscle's role as an airway dilator, the preponderance of research has focused on electromyographic (EMG) activity during sleep and wakefulness when subjects are in the supine or side-lying position (Eastwood et al 2003;Malhotra et al 2004;Fogel et al 2005;Bailey et al 2007;Eckert et al 2009;Wilkinson et al 2010;Jordan et al 2010;Richardson and Bailey 2010;Saboisky et al 2010;Laine and Bailey 2011;Trinder et al 2013). Numerous other studies have incorporated manipulations that impact upon respiratory-related GG activity, including head/body position (i.e., head up vs. head back; upright vs. supine) (Douglas et al 1993;Wasicko et al 1993;Ono et al 1996;Otsuka et al 2000;Tsuiki et al 2000;Williams et al 2000;Pae et al 2002Pae et al 2004Takahashi et al 2002;Walsh et al 2008), assessment of EMG activity in multiple muscle regions (Eastwood et al 2003;Wilkinson et al 2008Wilkinson et al 2010Nicholas et al 2010;Richardson and Bailey 2010;McSharry et al 2013;Trinder et al 2013), and in different tasks (i.e., rest breathing, voluntary hyperventilation, maximal inspiratory effort, or exercise) (Mezzanotte et al 1992;Williams et al 2000;Eastwood et al 2003;Walls et al 2013). In addition, studies of human tongue muscle tissue highlight regional differences in GG muscle fiber type, myosin heavy chain composition, cross-sectional area, innervation, and motor end-plate banding (Sanguineti and Laboissi 1997;Saigusa et al 2001;Zur et al 2004;…”

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confidence: 99%

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A comprehensive assessment of genioglossus electromyographic activity in healthy adults

Vranish

Bailey

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Vranish JR, Bailey EF. A comprehensive assessment of genioglossus electromyographic activity in healthy adults. J Neurophysiol 113: 2692-2699, 2015. First published February 18, 2015 doi:10.1152/jn.00975.2014 is an extrinsic muscle of the human tongue that plays a critical role in preserving airway patency. In the last quarter century, Ͼ50 studies have reported on respiratory-related GG electromyographic (EMG) activity in human subjects. Remarkably, of the studies performed, none have duplicated subject body position, electrode recording locations, and/or breathing task(s), making interpretation and integration of the results across studies extremely challenging. In addition, more recent research assessing lingual anatomy and muscle contractile properties has identified regional differences in muscle fiber type and myosin heavy chain expression, giving rise to the possibility that the anterior and posterior regions of the muscle fulfill distinct functions. Here, we assessed EMG activity in anterior and posterior regions of the GG, across upright and supine, in rest breathing and in volitionally modulated breathing tasks. We tested the hypotheses that GG EMG is greater in the posterior region and in supine, except when breathing is subject to volitional modulation. Our results show differences in the magnitude of EMG (%regional maximum) between anterior and posterior muscle regions (7.95 Ϯ 0.57 vs. 11.10 Ϯ 0.99, respectively; P Ͻ 0.001), and between upright and supine (8.63 Ϯ 0.73 vs. 10.42 Ϯ 0.90, respectively; P ϭ 0.008). Although the nature of a task affects the magnitude of EMG (P Ͻ 0.001), the effect is similar for anterior and posterior muscle regions and across upright and supine (P Ͼ 0.2). electromyography; respiration; electrode THE GENIOGLOSSUS (GG) muscle of the human tongue is involved in functions critical to survival, including swallowing, speech, and breathing. In view of the muscle's role as an airway dilator, the preponderance of research has focused on electromyographic (EMG) activity during sleep and wakefulness when subjects are in the supine or side-lying position (Eastwood et al.

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Section: T I T E F R V T V T /T I and V E In Each Task Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive assessment of genioglossus electromyographic activity in healthy adults

Vranish

Bailey

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Previous studies of MU activities in mammals indicate that MU firing pattern varies substantially as a function of the background level of activation. For example, increasing chemical drive (John et al 2005) or altering vestibular input (Tsuiki et al 2000) can change a phasic GG discharge pattern to a tonic pattern. Importantly, because sleep is associated with both increased PaCO 2 and upper airway resistance (Fogel et al 2003;Horner et al 1994;Wheatley et al 1993) it seems likely that the changes in MU activities reported here occurred in response to perturbations in the chemical and/or mechanical environment that were not controlled under the current protocol.…”

Section: Physiologic Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep/Wake Firing Patterns of Human Genioglossus Motor Units

Bailey¹,

Fridel²,

Rice³

2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Although studies of the principal tongue protrudor muscle genioglossus (GG) suggest that whole muscle GG electromyographic (EMG) activities are preserved in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, it is unclear what influence sleep exerts on individual GG motor unit (MU) activities. We characterized the firing patterns of human GG MUs in wakefulness and NREM sleep with the aim of determining 1) whether the range of MU discharge patterns evident in wakefulness is preserved in sleep and 2) what effect the removal of the "wakefulness" input has on the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of MU activities. Microelectrodes inserted into the extrinsic tongue protrudor muscle, the genioglossus, were used to follow the discharge of single MUs. We categorized MU activities on the basis of the temporal relationship between the spike train and the respiration cycle and quantified the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of each MU using the eta ( 2 ) index, in wakefulness and sleep. The majority of MUs exhibited subtle increases or decreases in respiratory modulation but were otherwise unaffected by NREM sleep. In contrast, 30% of MUs exhibited marked sleep-associated changes in discharge frequency and respiratory modulation. We suggest that GG MUs should not be considered exclusively tonic or phasic; rather, the discharge pattern appears to be a flexible feature of GG activities in healthy young adults. Whether such flexibility is important in the response to changes in the chemical and/or mechanical environment and whether it is preserved as a function of aging or in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea are critical questions for future research.

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“…Elevation of the soft palate opens the fauces for stage II transport but narrows the pharyngeal airway, which can increase upper airway resistance. Those movements oppose the forward motions of the soft palate and tongue base that maintain pharyngeal airway patency during inspiration (Mortimore et al, 1995;Tsuiki et al, 2000;Bailey et al, 2001;Bailey and Fregosi, 2004). This may explain why both the frequency and amplitude of elevation decrease during inspiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Respiration on Soft Palate Movement in Feeding

et al. 2010

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Cyclic soft palate elevation is temporally associated with masticatory jaw movement. However, the soft palate is normally lowered during nasal breathing to maintain retropalatal airway patency. We tested the hypothesis that the frequency and amplitude of soft palate elevation associated with mastication would be reduced during inspiration. Movements of radiopaque soft palate markers were recorded by videofluorography while 11 healthy volunteers ate solid foods. Breathing was monitored with plethysmography. Masticatory sequences were divided into processing and stage II transport cycles (food transport to the oropharynx before swallowing). In food processing, palatal elevation was less frequent and its displacement was smaller during inspiration than expiration. In stage II transport, the soft palate was elevated less frequently during inspiration than expiration. These findings suggest that masticatory soft palate movement is diminished during inspiration. The control of breathing appears to have a significant effect on soft palate elevation in mastication.

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Functional divergence of human genioglossus motor units with respiratory-related activity

Cited by 53 publications

References 16 publications

A comprehensive assessment of genioglossus electromyographic activity in healthy adults

A comprehensive assessment of genioglossus electromyographic activity in healthy adults

Sleep/Wake Firing Patterns of Human Genioglossus Motor Units

Effects of Respiration on Soft Palate Movement in Feeding

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