Functionalized Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Focused Review

Abstract

Biomaterials have been widely used in tissue engineering applications at an increasing rate in recent years. The increased clinical demand for safe scaffolds, as well as the diversity and availability of biomaterials, has sparked rapid interest in fabricating diverse scaffolds to make significant progress in tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has drawn substantial attention in recent years owing to its excellent physical, chemical, and biological properties and facile adaptable surface functionalization with other innumerable essential materials. This focused review spotlights a brief introduction on HAP, scope, a historical outline, basic structural features/properties, various synthetic strategies, and their scientific applications concentrating on functionalized HAP in the diverse area of tissue engineering fields such as bone, skin, periodontal, bone tissue fixation, cartilage, blood vessel, liver, tendon/ligament, and corneal are emphasized. Besides clinical translation aspects, the future challenges and prospects of HAP based biomaterials involved in tissue engineering are also discussed. Furthermore, it is expected that researchers may find this review expedient in gaining an overall understanding of the latest advancement of HAP based biomaterials.

Development, In-Vitro Characterization and In-Vivo Osteoinductive Efficacy of a Novel Biomimetically-Precipitated Nanocrystalline Calcium Phosphate With Internally-Incorporated Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2

“…Most of the clinically available bone-defect-filling materials lack proper degradability and efficient osteoinductivity (Bhat et al, 2021). In this study, through greatly improving our previous biomimetic precipitation protocol, we synthesized novel BpNcCaP granules with internally incorporated BMP-2.…”

“…In the family of CaP, one of the most relevant materials for bone regeneration is HA due to its bone-like composition and thus excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity (Bhat et al, 2021). One method to produce HA-based bone-defect-filling materials for clinical application is to harvest natural HA from allogenic bone tissues (Ramesh et al, 2018), which involves various decellularization processes, such as washing using enzyme, acetone or supercritical CO 2 (Crapo et al, 2011;Ha et al, 2013;Chalard, 2021;Jiang et al, 2021).…”

Bioinspired Hydroxyapatite Coating Infiltrated with a Graphene Oxide Hybrid Supramolecular Hydrogel Orchestrates Antibacterial and Self-Lubricating Performance

“…Various artificial joint materials including titanium-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and ceramics, etc., have been developed for many years. , In clinics, metallic alloy-based artificial implants are often modified with ceramic coatings to extend their service life due to the significantly improved biocompatibility and osseointegration or tribological properties. , Hydroxyapatite (HA), one of the most commonly used bioactive ceramics, , is a vital inorganic component in teeth and bones of the human body . HA has widespread applications in the field of drug delivery, tissue engineering, and metallic implant coatings − due to its similar Ca/P ratio (1.67) to natural bone (1.65), together with good bioactivity including osteoconductivity, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. , However, HA coating is brittle and have poor mechanical properties including low strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue resistance, , and the corresponding implants often exhibited poor tribological performance (such as high friction coefficients and severe wear); , all these reasons restricted the artificial joint application of HA coating-modified metallic implants. Thus, it is still a challenge to develop self-lubricating HA coating materials possessing wear-resistance performance.…”

“…7,8 Hydroxyapatite (HA), one of the most commonly used bioactive ceramics, 9,10 is a vital inorganic component in teeth and bones of the human body. 11 HA has widespread applications in the field of drug delivery, 12 tissue engineering, 13 and metallic implant coatings 14−16 due to its similar Ca/P ratio (1.67) to natural bone (1.65), 17 together with good bioactivity including osteoconductivity, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. 18,19 However, HA coating is brittle and have poor mechanical properties including low strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue resistance, 20,21 and the corresponding implants often exhibited poor tribological performance (such as high friction coefficients and severe wear); 7,22 all these reasons restricted the artificial joint application of HA coating-modified metallic implants.…”

Advances on Porous Nanomaterials for Biomedical Application (Drug Delivery, Sensing, and Tissue Engineering)

“…A review from Bhat et al focused on porous hydroxyapatite (HAP)-based tissue engineering. 12 The review clearly highlighted the advantage of HAP over other materials, specifically the advantage of porous HAP that is capable of delivery therapeutics locally while providing supporting structural and chemical microenvironment for cell attachment and proliferation. The review provided an extensive list of different methods that are used for the generation of porous HAP.…”