Fundamentals of Cone‐Jet Electrospray

Gomez, Alessandro; Deng, Weiwei

doi:10.1002/9781118001684.ch20

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The size distribution at the outer regions of the TEM grid (regions 1–4) seems to be different from the one in the center (regions 5–6). The relative number of large particles in the center of the grid is higher than at the border, which can be explained by higher inertia, and therefore lower charge-to-mass ratio, of larger particles compared with smaller ones (Gomez & Deng, 2011). Unfortunately, the certified measurments for FD102 are only the size of the different modes, but not the number based concentrations (a certified reference material with certified concentration does not exist so far, but would be required for a more rigorous evaluation).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The distribution of the 350 nm particles is very narrow with a width of about 1 mm, whereas the two other distributions have a width of about 1 cm and feature a minimum at the position of maximum of the large fraction. This observation can be explained by the electrostatic repulsion of the charged particles (Gomez & Deng, 2011). As all sprayed particles are positively charged, they repel each other during flight to the collector.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These NP dry residues are deposited on a TEM grid that acts as counter electrode (cathode). The scaling laws for size of primary droplets d can be expressed by following expression: where k e is the electric conductivity of the particle suspension, Q the flow rate of the particle suspension through the capillary, ε and ε 0 are dielectric constant of the particle suspension and vacuum, respectively, and G ( ε ) is a function of order unity (Gomez & Deng, 2011).

Figure 1 Scheme of electrospray deposition system. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Electrospray as a Sample Preparation Tool for Electron Microscopic Investigations: Toward Quantitative Evaluation of Nanoparticles

et al. 2017

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The potential of electrospray deposition, for the controlled preparation of particles for imaging in electron microscopes, is evaluated on various materials: from mono-modal suspensions of spherical particles to multimodal suspensions and to real-world industrial materials. It is shown that agglomeration is reduced substantially on the sample carrier, compared with conventional sample preparation techniques. For the first time, it is possible to assess the number concentration of a tri-modal polystyrene suspension by electron microscopy, due to the high deposition efficiency of the electrospray. We discovered that some suspension stabilizing surfactants form artifact particles during electrospraying. These can be avoided by optimizing the sprayed suspension.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figure 1 Scheme of electrospray deposition system. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Electrospray as a Sample Preparation Tool for Electron Microscopic Investigations: Toward Quantitative Evaluation of Nanoparticles

et al. 2017

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“…32 However, it is generally accepted that the regime with the most steady and robust performance, and which yields the most monodisperse aerosols, is the so-called cone-jet regime. 10,33 Recent numerical simulations have confirmed some of these scaling laws using different approaches. [34][35][36][37] In the current study we will not discuss details of the scaling laws found, but will only use the most widely accepted.…”

Section: Scaling Laws In Electrospraysmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The progress in the development of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in the last two decades has increased the levels of sensitivity and throughput exponentially. Nonetheless, there are several other interesting potential applications for the electrospray in very different fields as controlled drug delivery, [8][9][10] colloidal micro-thrusters, 11 thin-film deposition, 12 cooling of electronic systems, 13 enhancement of vacuum diffusion pumps, 14 etc. In a typical electrospray configuration, a conductive liquid is pumped at certain flow rate through a tube, forming a meniscus at its end.…”

Section: -1058/2012/6(4)/044104/19/$3000mentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface tension effects on submerged electrosprays

2012

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Electrosprays are a powerful technique to generate charged micro/nanodroplets. In the last century, the technique has been extensively studied, developed, and recognized with a shared Nobel price in Chemistry in 2002 for its wide spread application in mass spectrometry. However, nowadays techniques based on microfluidic devices are competing to be the next generation in atomization techniques. Therefore, an interesting development would be to integrate the electrospray technique into a microfluidic liquid-liquid device. Several works in the literature have attempted to build a microfluidic electrospray with disputable results. The main problem for its integration is the lack of knowledge of the working parameters of the liquid-liquid electrospray. The "submerged electrosprays" share similar properties as their counterparts in air. However, in the microfluidic generation of micro/nanodroplets, the liquid-liquid interfaces are normally stabilized with surface active agents, which might have critical effects on the electrospray behavior. In this work, we review the main properties of the submerged electrosprays in liquid baths with no surfactant, and we methodically study the behavior of the system for increasing surfactant concentrations. The different regimes found are then analyzed and compared with both classical and more recent experimental, theoretical and numerical studies. A very rich phenomenology is found when the surface tension is allowed to vary in the system. More concretely, the lower states of electrification achieved with the reduced surface tension regimes might be of interest in biological or biomedical applications in which excessive electrification can be hazardous for the encapsulated entities.

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Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part A. Analyte Atomization

Verkerk

2015

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Electrospray ionization (ESI) is an atomization and ionization method through which a solution‐phase analyte can be transferred via minute charged droplets into the gas‐phase as an ion. The first part of this two‐part review on electrospray mass spectrometry considers the formation of these minute charged droplets. Atomization of liquids can take place through mechanical or electrostatic breakup of a liquid jet. In the absence of an electric field, charged droplets of both polarities are formed because of the disruption of the electrical double layer at the air–water interface. Addition of an electric field results in the formation of charged droplets of a single polarity. At sufficiently high electric field strength, mechanical jet disruption is replaced by electrostatic jet disruption giving the highest yield of charged droplets; this is the commonly used conductive DC electrospray. More recent means of forming charged droplets by DC or AC electric fields are discussed in the following sections. Mechanisms for reducing the droplet electrostatic stress such as droplet fragmentation are reviewed in the final section. These processes form the basis for the creation of charged gas‐phase analytes that is described in Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part B. Analyte Charging.

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Fundamentals of Cone‐Jet Electrospray

Cited by 12 publications

References 77 publications

Evaluation of Electrospray as a Sample Preparation Tool for Electron Microscopic Investigations: Toward Quantitative Evaluation of Nanoparticles

Evaluation of Electrospray as a Sample Preparation Tool for Electron Microscopic Investigations: Toward Quantitative Evaluation of Nanoparticles

Surface tension effects on submerged electrosprays

Current Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: an Overview. Part A. Analyte Atomization

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