Fungal hydroxylation of (-)-α-santonin

Abstract

Functionalization of organic compounds using enzymes present in microorganisms is a very useful tool for organic chemists, since it is a method carried out under milder conditions than chemical ones and allows the introduction of functional groups in a nonreactive carbon in a regioselective and stereoselective way. In order to look for new compounds derived from natural products with antioxidant and cytotoxic activity, the sesquiterpene lactone (-)-α-santonin was transformed using a pure strain of Cunninghamella spp. A two-stage standard protocol with growing cells was followed, which led to 8β-hydroxy-α-santonin. The structure of the product was unequivocally elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Both the starting material and metabolite were tested in vitro for antioxidant activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method, and cytotoxic activity was tested using the Artemia salina (brine shrimp) method. In both assays, the new compound was less active than substrate and reference compounds, which means that the introduction of a hydroxyl group on carbon-8 of (-)-α-santonin with β stereochemistry did not improve the tested biological activities.

Quantitative In Vivo Proteomics of Metformin Response in Liver Reveals AMPK-Dependent and -Independent Signaling Networks

“…In this study, we describe a quantitative proteomic approach to simultaneously test, in tissue, both the pharmacological and genetic determinants that dictate metformin response in liver to mediate hepatic metabolism. Through a combination of stable isotope labeling in mammals (SILAM), selective 14-3-3z enrichment, and conditional genetic models, we identify, quantify, and hierarchically cluster interacting phospho-proteins across multiple conditions in mouse liver (Bustos, 2012;Chen et al, 2011;McClatchy and Yates, 2008). This platform can be applied to any tissue of interest and is not limited to the pharmacological agent, genetic model, or enrichment strategy used in this study.…”