Fungal Sensitivity to and Enzymatic Degradation of the Phytoanticipin α-Tomatine

Sandrock, Robert W.; VanEtten, Hans D.

doi:10.1094/phyto.1998.88.2.137

Cited by 139 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Several fungi and bacteria possess tomatinases that cleave the lycotetraose chain at various positions of a-tomatine (Sandrock and Vanetten, 1998;Morrissey and Osbourn, 1999;Kaup et al, 2005). Given our finding that GAME1 silencing affects expression of biotic stress-related genes, we examined whether altered SA glycosylation levels impact pathogenicity or growth of several tomato disease agents.…”

Section: An Altered Sa Profile Impacts Pathogenicity and Growth Of Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SAs including a-tomatine and its corresponding aglycone, tomatidine, are toxic to a broad range of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, animals, and even plants themselves (Chan and Tam, 1985;Gunther et al, 1997;Sandrock and Vanetten, 1998;Pareja-Jaime et al, 2008;Hoagland, 2009). Metabolites that are abundant at the immature green and MG stages are marked with a green background, those abundant at the breaker and orange stages with an orange background, and those abundant at the RR stage are marked with a red background.…”

Section: Phytotoxicity Observed In Game1-silenced Plants and Their Ramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In plants, SAs serve as phytoanticipins, providing the plant with a preexisting chemical barrier against a broad range of pathogens (Chan and Tam, 1985;Gunther et al, 1997;Sandrock and Vanetten, 1998;Hoagland, 2009). For example, tomato a-tomatine acts via disruption of membranes, followed by the leakage of electrolytes and depolarization of the membrane potential (McKee, 1959;Steel and Drysdale, 1988;Keukens et al, 1992Keukens et al, , 1995.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 Is Required for Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosylation and Prevention of Phytotoxicity in Tomato

et al. 2011

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Steroidal alkaloids (SAs) are triterpene-derived specialized metabolites found in members of the Solanaceae family that provide plants with a chemical barrier against a broad range of pathogens. Their biosynthesis involves the action of glycosyltransferases to form steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs). To elucidate the metabolism of SGAs in the Solanaceae family, we examined the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 (GAME1) gene. Our findings imply that GAME1 is a galactosyltransferase, largely performing glycosylation of the aglycone tomatidine, resulting in SGA production in green tissues. Downregulation of GAME1 resulted in an almost 50% reduction in a-tomatine levels (the major SGA in tomato) and a large increase in its precursors (i.e., tomatidenol and tomatidine). Surprisingly, GAME1-silenced plants displayed growth retardation and severe morphological phenotypes that we suggest occur as a result of altered membrane sterol levels caused by the accumulation of the aglycone tomatidine. Together, these findings highlight the role of GAME1 in the glycosylation of SAs and in reducing the toxicity of SA metabolites to the plant cell.

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Section: An Altered Sa Profile Impacts Pathogenicity and Growth Of Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phytotoxicity Observed In Game1-silenced Plants and Their Ramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 Is Required for Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosylation and Prevention of Phytotoxicity in Tomato

et al. 2011

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“…In particular, -tomatineis expected to protect tomato leaves against attack by microorganisms (Morrissey and Osbourn, 1999). Sandrock and Van Etten (1998) reported that growth of eight saprophytic fungi and the tomato pathogens Stemphylium solani 11128 and Verticillium dahlia were greatly inhibited by -tomatine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Metabolite Profiling in Various Parts of Tomato Plants

Kim¹,

Na²,

Kwack³

et al. 2014

HST

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Contents of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, volatile organic compounds, and alkaloids in leaves, internodes, fruits, and roots of tomatoes in different developmental stages were measured. Lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein were detected in all the tested parts except roots and green fruits. Lycopene content in red fruits was 49.04 μg･g -1 FW, while that in the other parts was below 40 μg･g -1 FW. β-Carotene and lutein contents in 24th leaves were 5.81 and 6.40 μg･g -1 FW, respectively, and were greater than those in the other parts. Caffeic, chlorogenic, and vanillic acids were detected in all the tested parts except roots. The content of chlorogenic acid in the 18th leaves was 40.11 μg･g -1 FW, while that in the other parts was lower than 31.00 μg･g -1 FW. The contents of caffeic and vanillic acids in the 24th leaves were 9.18 and 1.64 μg･g -1 FW, respectively, and were greater than those in the other parts. Moreover, younger leaves contained the more diverse volatile organic compounds including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Contents of dehydro-tomatine and -tomatine were greatest in leaves, followed by internodes, roots and fruits. Younger leaves and internodes contained more dehydro-tomatine and -tomatine than older leaves and internodes. The contents of dehydro-tomatine and -tomatine in the 24th leaves were 0.89 and 1.42 mg･g -1 FW, respectively, and were greatest among all the tested parts. Our results indicated that, except lycopene, tomato leaves included greater secondary metabolites contents than red fruits. The results suggest that inedible parts of tomato plants can be used as raw material for antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, fungistats, and pesticides.

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“…It has been calculated as C 50 H 83 NO 21. Moco et al (2006) and Sandrock and VanEtten (1998) reported that α-tomatine expresses a molecular weight (MW) = 1,033.5458 and Rf = 0.23. However, Roddick (1974) studied on the method for quantitative estimation of tomatine involves in spectrophotometry of a chromogen of α-tomatine showing coloured products formed by treating tomatine with strong or concentrated H 2 SO 4 , a lactic acetic solution of silicotungstic acid and α-tomatine found at high concentrations (up to 1 mM) in leaves, stems, roots, and green fruit.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of microbial elicitors to induce plant immunity for tomato wilt

Soytong¹,

Charoenporn²,

Kanokmedhakul³

2013

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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The bioactive compounds of Chaetoglobosin C, chaetomanone A and trichotoxin mixture used as microbial elicitors to elicit -tomatine in tomato was investigated. The -tomatine was detected from tomato seedlings var. Sida sprayed with chaetoglobosin C, chaetomanone A and trichotoxin mixture, followed by the inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici. Results show that disease immunity on treated tomato seedlings with chaetoglobosin C, chaetomanone A and trichotoxin mixture at concentration 50 ug/ml after 10 days were 44.97, 35.18 and 39.43%, respectively, while prochloraz showed disease immunity of 29.95%. The stems and leaves of tomato were extracted and spotted on TLC yielded green spot which showed Rf = 0.23 as same as a spot of standard -tomatine. Tomato extracts were subjected into vial and analyzed for -tomatine in HPLC system. Tomato treated with chaetoglobosin C, chaetomanone A and trichotoxin mixture at 15 days expressed -tomatine quantity as 207.87, 254.25, and 205.04 ug/g which significantly were higher than for prochloraz and the inoculated control whose -tomatine quantity were 131.56 and 77.46 ug/g, respectively. It showed that chaetoglobosin C, chaetomanone A and trichotoxin mixture could induce -tomatine in tomato plants implying disease immunity against Fusarium wilt of tomato var. Sida through phytoalexin production. The bioactive compounds were tested for their efficacies to induce immunity in tomato wilt in vivo. The results reveal that all bioactive compounds at concentration 10, 50 and 100 µg/ml could induce plant immunity in tomato between 53.80-65.15% which significantly had higher plant disease immunity than prochloraz (26.73%) indicating that these bioactive compounds play an important role as microbial elicitors.

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Fungal Sensitivity to and Enzymatic Degradation of the Phytoanticipin α-Tomatine

Cited by 139 publications

References 37 publications

GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 Is Required for Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosylation and Prevention of Phytotoxicity in Tomato

GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM1 Is Required for Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosylation and Prevention of Phytotoxicity in Tomato

Secondary Metabolite Profiling in Various Parts of Tomato Plants

Evaluation of microbial elicitors to induce plant immunity for tomato wilt

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