Further evidence that monochamol is attractive toMonochamus(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species, with attraction synergised by host plant volatiles and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromones

Abstract

Monochamol (2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol) is a male-produced aggregation pheromone for several Monochamus Dejean (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species. We conducted trapping experiments in Canada, Poland, and China to test whether monochamol was attractive to additional Monochamus species and if attraction was synergised by plant volatiles and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pheromones. We provide the first evidence of attraction for M. urussovii (Fischer) and M. saltuarius (Gebler) to monochamol or monochamol+kairomones. The highest numbers of M. urussovii were captured in traps baited with monochamol+plant volatiles (Manuka oil, ethanol and (95/5±) α−pinene). Captures of M. saltuarius were highest in traps baited with monochamol, with the addition of cubeb oil tending to reduce captures. The highest numbers of M. scutellatus (Say) were captured in traps baited with monochamol+kairomones. A similar pattern in trap captures was found for M. notatus (Drury), M. marmorator Kirby, M. carolinensis (Olivier), and M. mutator LeConte. Detection rates, that is, proportion of traps capturing at least one specimen, was highest for traps baited with monochamol plus kairomones, particularly for less-common species. These results support the emerging hypothesis that pheromone compounds can attract related cerambycid species with cumulative evidence for attraction to monochamol for 12 species of Monochamus worldwide.

Field evaluation on the synergistic attractiveness of 2‐(1‐undecyloxy)‐1‐ethanol and ipsenol toMonochamus saltuarius

“…In our experiments, traps baited with monochamol alone or with ethanol did not show any significant attractiveness to M. saltuarius , even though Ryall et al . () reported that monochamol alone was attractive to M. saltuarius and showed synergistic effects with host‐plant volatiles and bark beetle pheromone. Therefore, the difference may be attributed to different traps host volatiles or kairomones used in the experiment.…”

Synergistic attraction of pine sawyer Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to monochamol and α‐pinene

“…For example, monochamol attracts M. carolinensis , regardless of α‐pinene, whereas it only attracts M. titillator in combination with α‐pinene (Allison et al ). Similarly, monochamol alone was sufficient to attract M. saltuarius , whereas monochamol in combination with cubeb oil tended to reduce trap captures of M. saltuarius (Ryall et al ). A recent study showed that M. saltuarius was attracted to the combination of monochamol and ipsenol, but not monochamol combined with α‐pinene and ethanol (Kim et al ).…”

“…Furthermore, our previous study showed that attraction of M. alternatus to monochamol is dependent on monochamol concentration (Lee et al ). Other various factors that can improve the attraction rate of M. saltuarius for practical applications, including various combinations and amounts of attractants as well as release rates, should also be considered (Ryall et al ).…”

“…Monochamol together with α‐pinene and ethanol exerted a synergistic effect on attracting M. alternatus (Teale et al ), which was dependent on monochamol concentration (Lee et al ). Conversely, monochamol alone was sufficient to attract M. saltuarius (Ryall et al ). Interestingly, the bark beetle aggregation pheromone, ipsenol, was shown to be effective when applied in combination with monochamol for attracting M. saltuarius (Kim et al ); however, ipsdienol was not (Kim et al ).…”

Effect of semiochemicals and trap height on catch of Neocerambyx raddei in Jilin province, China

“…Sex and/or aggregation pheromones have been discovered in many species of longhorn beetles (Allison et al., ; Hanks & Millar, ), and certain pheromone motifs are commonly shared within subfamilies such that traps baited with 2,3‐hexanediols and hydroxyketones catch many species of Cerambycinae (Hanks & Millar, , ), and traps baited with fuscumol and fuscumol acetate catch several species of Lamiinae (Mitchell et al., ; Hughes et al., ) and Spondylidinae (Sweeney et al., ). Furthermore, combining pheromones and host plant volatiles on the same traps often enhances or synergizes catches of longhorn beetles (Sweeney et al., ; Allison et al., ; Hanks & Millar, ; Ryall et al., ; Collignon et al., ). Trap placement is also an important consideration.…”