“…Mastoparan, a wasp venom 14-mer peptide, was a very useful tool in these studies. This peptide stimulates the exchange of GTP for guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GDP) on some or-subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins by binding to their COOH termini and mimicking an agonist-activated receptor (Higashijima et al, 1988(Higashijima et al, , 1990Mousli et al, 1990;Weingarten et al, 1990;Tomita et al, 1991;Oppi et al, 1992). Thus, binding ofmastoparan constitutively stimulates these heterotrimeric G-proteins, inhibiting in vitro ER-to-Golgi transport (Schwaninger et al, 1992), endocytosis (Carter et al, 1993), endosome fusion (Colombo et al, 1992), exocytosis in chromaltin cells (Vitale et al, 1993), and apical transport in epithelial cells (Pimplikar and Simons, 1993; for a recent review see Bomsel and Mostov, 1992).…”