Game Theoretic Best-Response Dynamics for Evacuees' Exit Selection

Ehtamo, Harri; Heliövaara, Simo; Korhonen, Timo; Hostikka, Simo

doi:10.1142/s021952591000244x

Cited by 44 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition to the conservative agent type, whose exit selection model was presented in Ref. [19], we present an active agent type and a herding agent type. The difference between these types is in the criteria, according to which they select their target exits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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FDS+Evac: Herding Behavior and Exit Selection

Korhonen¹,

Heliövaara²

2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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The behavior of the occupants is one major factor determining the outcome of building evacuations. Two different occupants may make very different decisions in similar situations. Evacuation simulation models should consider this factor and enable simulations with different behavioral scenarios. We present how three different behavioral types have been implemented in the agent based evacuation model FDS+Evac. The considered types are "conservative", "active", and "herding" agents and they differ in the way they select their target exits. Conservative agents prefer familiar routes, active agents actively observe their environment to find the fastest exit route, and herding agents tend to follow others. The factors affecting the exit selections include the distance to the exit, the behavior of the other agents, visibility and familiarity of the exits, and the smokiness along the exit routes. Some verification simulations are made and the presented model is seen to work as intended. A larger scale evacuation scenario is analyzed to illustrate the effect of the agent types on the outcome of evacuations. The analysis shows that the presence of active agents decreases the average egress time even if there is a large number of herding agents present. Active agents discover the less used, faster exit routes, like emergency exits, and lead the following herding agents also to these routes. This results in more even exit usage and speeds up the whole evacuation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10,19,20]. The agents observe the actions of the others and select the target exit through which the evacuation is estimated to be the fastest.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

FDS+Evac: Herding Behavior and Exit Selection

Korhonen¹,

Heliövaara²

2011

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the 10th International Sym

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“…The agents may, e.g., select the nearest exit or observe the situation and make optimal decisions (Gwynne et al 1999, Ehtamo et al 2010. It is, however, questionable whether people in a threatening situation are able to make optimal decisions.…”

Section: Exit Selection Behaviour In Evacuations 21 Theoretical Founmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Elevator Trip Origin-Destination Matrix Estimation Problem

Kuusinen¹,

Sorsa²,

Siikonen³

2015

Transportation Science

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This dissertation studies people flow in buildings, especially the process of how passengers arrive at elevator lobbies, estimation of elevator passenger traffic, and human behaviour and decision making in evacuations. The arrival process is studied by taking into account, for the first time, that passengers do not always arrive and use elevators individually but rather in batches. The results suggest that the common assumption that individual arrivals follow a Poisson distribution may not hold when the proportion of batch arrivals is large.To estimate the elevator passenger traffic in a building, new mathematical models and algorithms are developed. The new methods are based on mathematical optimization, namely, linear programming, integer least squares and constraint programming. The results from numerical experiments show that the new approaches satisfy real-time elevator control requirements. In addition, randomized algorithms result in better quality passenger traffic statistics than traditional deterministic algorithms. The dissertation presents also an experimental evacuation study. The results show that people may not be able to select the fastest exit route and that cooperation may slow down the evacuation.The new estimation models and algorithms presented in this dissertation enable better elevator control and some of them are already being implemented by KONE Corporation. The results also give new insights into the process of how passengers arrive at the elevator lobbies and use elevators and into human behaviour in evacuation situations, which affect elevator and building safety planning. Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan rakennusten henkilöliikennettä, erityisesti henkilöiden saapumisprosessia hissiauloihin, hisseillä tapahtuvan henkilöliikenteen estimointia sekä henkilöiden käyttäytymistä ja päätöksentekoa rakennuksen evakuoinnissa. Saapumisprosessia tutkitaan ottaen ensimmäistä kertaa huomioon, että henkilöt eivät aina saavu ja käytä hissiä yksin vaan isommissa joukoissa. Tulokset osoittavat, että yleinen olettamus yksittäisten saapumisten Poisson jakautuneisuudesta ei välttämättä päde, kun joukkosaapumisten osuus on suuri.Rakennuksen henkilöliikenteen estimoimiseksi väitöskirjassa kehitetään matemaattisia malleja ja algoritmeja, jotka perustuvat lineaariseen optimointiin, pienimmän neliösumman kokonaislukuoptimointiin ja rajoiteoptimointiin. Numeeristen testien tulokset osoittavat, että menetelmät toteuttavat todellisen hissiohjauksen reaaliaikavaatimukset. Lisäksi satunnaistetut algoritmit tuottavat laadultaan parempia henkilöliikennetilastoja kuin perinteiset deterministiset algoritmit. Väitöskirjassa esitetään myös kokeellinen evakuointitutkimus, jonka tulokset osoittavat, että ihmiset eivät välttämättä kykene valitsemaan nopeinta poistumisreittiä ja että evakuoitavien pyrkimys yhteistyöhön voi hidastaa poistumista.Väitöskirjassa kehitetyt henkilöliikenteen estimointimallit ja -algoritmit mahdollistavat hissien tehokkaamman ohjaamisen ja osa menetelmistä on jo tuotannossa KONE...

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“…3, Behavior models, such as Building EXODUS, Egress, Legion, VEgAS, EXITT, E-SCAPE, BGRAF, and etc. In recent years, model research on occupant evacuation in fire has been developed very quickly, such as FDS+Evac (Ehtamo, Heliövaara, Korhonen & Hostikka, 2010;Korhonen, Hostikka, Heliövaara & Ehtamo, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation on Occupant Evacuation at a Public Site Based on SMARTFIRE and Building EXODUS

Zhao¹,

Zhang²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

SET

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In this paper, the software of SMARTFIRE is applied to simulation a fire process at a long-distance passenger transport station. The results of SMARTFIRE can be used as environment condition of occupant evacuation. The software of Building EXODUS is applied to simulation the evacuation process with and without fire. Evacuation times with different number of occupants are calculated. If the density of occupants is relatively small, pedestrian flow during evacuation can take on a dilute state because of the large quantity of exits on public site. And evacuation time changes a little with the increase of the number of occupants in low range of density. If the density of occupants is comparatively big, the phenomena of queuing up at the exits and assembling at the bottlenecks will take place, resulting in an obviously long evacuation time; The influences of the use ratios of exit are analyzed, and balancing the use ratio of each exit can obviously improve the efficiency of evacuation; The influences of the fire simulated by SMARTFIRE are also analyzed. In addition to the factors of low visibility and low walking speed, the change of evacuation routes and the imbalance of the use ratio of each exit are also very important factors of fire.

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Game Theoretic Best-Response Dynamics for Evacuees' Exit Selection

Cited by 44 publications

References 14 publications

FDS+Evac: Herding Behavior and Exit Selection

FDS+Evac: Herding Behavior and Exit Selection

The Elevator Trip Origin-Destination Matrix Estimation Problem

Simulation on Occupant Evacuation at a Public Site Based on SMARTFIRE and Building EXODUS

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