Game-Theory Based V2G Coordination Strategy for Providing Ramping Flexibility in Power Systems

Abstract

Large-scale integration of renewable generation into power systems invariably affects the system ramping capability. However, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept that allows for using electric vehicles (EVs) as energy storages with the capability of bidirectional energy transfer between the EVs and the grid, can be employed to mitigate the above adverse effect. This paper proposes a game-theory-based V2G coordination strategy that uses EV clusters to improve ramping flexibility in power systems. In the proposed strategy, the V2G concept, representing the interactions between the distribution system operator (DSO) and EV clusters, is formulated as a Stackelberg game. The DSO acts as a leader who decides the charging prices for the buses to which the EV clusters are connected, while the EV clusters simply serve as followers, scheduling their own charging and discharging. This bi-level model is further reduced to a single-level, mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, the strong duality theorem and second-order cone (SOC) relaxation. The performance of the proposed V2G coordination strategy on a modified IEEE 33-bus system connecting EV clusters and PV generations is investigated through simulations, and the results demonstrate that the largest ramp of the system can be reduced by up to 39% when EV clusters are providing flexibility, while the EV clusters can also have greatly reduced charging costs.

Technical Challenges, Impacts and Perspectives for Electric Vehicles (Evs)

“…EVs can offer energy storage services to utility networks. To charge the battery of an Electric Vehicle and to support the energy network, bidirectional energy flow employs the concept of energy exchange between the energy networks and the batteries of Electric vehicles (Zhang, 2020).…”

Gamification-Based Vehicle-to-Grid Service for Demand Response: A Pilot Project in Jeju Island

“…Despite their inherent potential, the adoption of BEVs as a reliable and efficient grid flexibility resource has encountered a notable hurdle: their low utilization rate [9,10]. Until now, the primary role of BEVs has been concentrated in the realm of transportation, diverting their energy-storage potential away from contributing significantly to grid stabilization [11,12].…”

Bi‐level scheduling of large‐scale electric vehicles based on the generation side and the distribution side

“…The above works show that an efficient control framework can provide dynamic charging coordination capabilities, and the centralized control of EVs has a significant effect on the improvement of the power grid curve. Zhang, et al 19 proposed a V2G scheduling strategy based on game theory, which used the cluster effect of EVs to improve the flexibility of power system climbing. However, the above‐mentioned works do not evaluate the power grid's acceptance of EVs.…”