Gas‐based direct reduction processes for iron and steel production

Zervas, T.; McMullan, J. T.; Williams, B. C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-114x(199602)20:2<157::aid-er244>3.0.co;2-5

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In the case of Fe 2 O 3 , switching the gas might also affect the understanding of the reaction mechanism. The reduction of Fe 2 O 3 by hydrogen could proceed in the following steps:

3 F {normale}_{2} {normalO}_{3} + {normalH}_{2} (g) = 2 F {normale}_{3} {normalO}_{4} + {normalH}_{2} O (g)

F {normale}_{3} {normalO}_{4} + {normalH}_{2} (g) = 3 FeO + {normalH}_{2} O (g)

FeO + {normalH}_{2} (g) = Fe + {normalH}_{2} O (g)

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The kinetics and mechanisms of direct reduction of iron ore have been of interest for a long time . Using direct reduced iron (DRI) in electric arc furnace (EAF) and blast furnace increases the efficiency and lowers the costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, optimized conditions for each DR plant are highly dependent on ore properties and chemical composition of the reducing agent. For instance, DRI used in EAF must contain very low amounts of sulfur, and the demanded optimum degree of reduction in DRI varies in different EAF plants …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such requirements necessitate good control of reduction degree, refining the reducing gas, and most importantly the knowledge of the reduction mechanism. Additionally, it is essential to investigate the other phenomena occurring simultaneously with reduction process such as structural changes, carbon deposition, and carbide formation under different reduction conditions …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study on Direct Reduction of Hematite Pellets Using a New TG Setup

Kazemi

Glaser

Sichen

2013

steel research int.

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A new thermogravimetric setup was developed to study direct reduction of iron oxide under well‐controlled experimental conditions. Pure and industrial hematite samples were isothermally reduced by hydrogen and carbon monoxide gaseous mixtures. Influences of gas composition, gas flow rate, and temperature on reduction were investigated. Reduction rates obtained using the new setup were higher compared to conventional thermogravimetric method. This difference was due to the time required to replace the inert gas with the reactant gas in the conventional method, which led to lower reduction rate at the initial stage. Carbon deposited on the surface of the pellets at relatively high gas flow rates and at low temperatures. The presence of pure iron and high carbon potential in the gas phase were the cause for carbon deposition. Study of partially reduced samples illustrated that the outer layer of pellet with high iron content thickened as reduction proceeded inside the pellet. Closure of micro‐pores and formation of dense iron phase in this layer decelerated diffusion of reactant and product gases, and led to decrease of reduction rate at later stages of reaction. At lower temperatures, this effect was coupled with carbon deposition. Therefore, the reduction was seriously hindered.

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“…In the case of Fe 2 O 3 , switching the gas might also affect the understanding of the reaction mechanism. The reduction of Fe 2 O 3 by hydrogen could proceed in the following steps:

3 F {normale}_{2} {normalO}_{3} + {normalH}_{2} (g) = 2 F {normale}_{3} {normalO}_{4} + {normalH}_{2} O (g)

F {normale}_{3} {normalO}_{4} + {normalH}_{2} (g) = 3 FeO + {normalH}_{2} O (g)

FeO + {normalH}_{2} (g) = Fe + {normalH}_{2} O (g)

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Study on Direct Reduction of Hematite Pellets Using a New TG Setup

Kazemi

Glaser

Sichen

2013

steel research int.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Direct reduction processes are considered to be the most promising alternative iron-making route and have achieved commercial applicability to some extent in various technologies. [6][7][8] According to the raw materials, there are two main technologies used for production of DRI, i.e., the natural gas-based and coal-based processes. 4,7,9-11 The gas-based processes, such as Midrex and HYL, are relatively proven technologies with a present market share of 75% for direct reduced iron (DRI) production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct reduction of iron oxides based on steam reforming of bio-oil: a highly efficient approach for production of DRI from bio-oil and iron ores

Gong

Yuan

et al. 2009

Green Chem.

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Production of direct reduced iron (DRI) was performed by a novel and environmentally friendly approach through a systematic experimental process development and process integration study on bio-oil reforming and iron ores reduction. The Ni-Cu-Zn-Al 2 O 3 catalyst is one of most suitable candidates for bio-oil reforming because this non-noble metal catalyst can efficiently reform the bio-oil to H 2 and CO 2 at a lower operating temperature (450-500 • C) with a longer lifetime. The catalytic activities of the Ni-Cu-Zn-Al 2 O 3 catalyst for different processes, including the reforming of the oxygenated organic compounds in the bio-oil, the water-gas shift reaction and the decomposition of organic compounds, have been investigated. A hydrogen yield of 87.4% with a carbon conversion of 91.8% was obtained at T = 500 • C and S/C = 6.1. The hydrogen content reached about 94.6 vol% after simple purification by removing CO 2 . Furthermore, direct reduction of iron oxides at different reduction temperatures was investigated using on-line rich-hydrogen reducing gases. The metallization for production of DRI from three ore powders (limonite, hematite and magnetite) and hematite pellets ranges from 93 to 97% at 850 • C for 1 h reduction. The reduction process from the oxidized iron to metallic iron and the intermediate phases were investigated via chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyses. The green DRI process with high reduction efficiency and real environmental benefits would, potentially, be a useful route to produce DRI from bio-oil or biomass.

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Future Technologies for Energy-Efficient Iron and Steel Making

Beer

2000

Potential for Industrial Energy-Efficiency Improvement in the Long Term

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Gas‐based direct reduction processes for iron and steel production

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Study on Direct Reduction of Hematite Pellets Using a New TG Setup

Study on Direct Reduction of Hematite Pellets Using a New TG Setup

Direct reduction of iron oxides based on steam reforming of bio-oil: a highly efficient approach for production of DRI from bio-oil and iron ores

Future Technologies for Energy-Efficient Iron and Steel Making

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