Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection for dating of paper ink

Díaz-Santana, Oscar; Vega-Moreno, Daura; Conde-Hardisson, Francisco

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.093

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Despite the static dating method, which is related to ink characterization, there are two possibilities for ink dating, considering the inks' components transformations with time 3,4 For both relative and dynamic dating methods, it is necessary to have methods that are capable to detect the ink changes over time. Table 2 shows the most recent studies involving those methods [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78] . The majority of the studies are based on the monitoring of solvents as they evaporate over time, but there are also studies based on the degradation of the dyes or resins.…”

Section: Ink Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Blue and Black Ballpoint Pen Inks: a Systematic Review for Ink Characterization and Dating Analysis

Gorziza¹,

Carvalho²,

Korndörfer³

et al. 2019

BJFS

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Documents are frequent targets of fraud and adulteration. Sometimes it is not enough to determine the document's authenticity or authorship, but it is also necessary to demonstrate when the document was signed or written. Determining the age of a document, also known as ink dating analysis, is still a challenge for the forensic examiners. There are two main approaches for the dating of ballpoint pen inks: the static method, which is based on the characterization and identification of the ink composition and comparison to a reference collection, and the dynamic method, which involves the study of ink's processes and alterations that occur with time, considering environmental aging factors such as light and humidity. This article aims to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the studies regarding ballpoint ink characterization and dating, in the last ten years. There are several methods, destructive and non-destructive, which are capable of characterizing and differentiating blue and black ballpoint pens that have shown applicability to the static approach. Regarding the dynamic dating methods, most studies quantified the loss of 2phenoxyethanol (2-PE) solvent over time using GC-MS, or studied the dyes degradation through different methods. Although ink dating approaches offer relatively good accuracy, there is still more research to be done, such as the documents' storage conditions evaluation, the influence of initial ink quantity variation between different pen brands and writing fists, and the type of paper.

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Section: Ink Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have been using the 2-PE solvent quantification according to the inks' age, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or coupled with Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) is still the established method for the 2-PE quantification 64,65,67,[71][72][73]78 .…”

Section: Ink Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blue and Black Ballpoint Pen Inks: a Systematic Review for Ink Characterization and Dating Analysis

Gorziza¹,

Carvalho²,

Korndörfer³

et al. 2019

BJFS

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“…Under LC‐MS, however, salts are separated from compounds of interest and most compounds are separated from each other, minimizing the suppression effects and simplifying chemical identification. Moreover, they provide a peak for each compound, simplifying the identification of decomposition products of the dyes and pigments, which have been used for dating . One major factor in consistent dating of ink on paper is variation in applied pressure and the thickness of the ink on paper.…”

Section: Questioned Documentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This eliminates the effect of variations in sample mass between sample extractions, a factor that results from variations in the thickness or pressure of application of pen strokes, allowing evaluation and prediction of their variation with time as a function of the age of the ink. The combination of this technique and using multiple linear regression methods allowed dating of the inks during the first four years following their deposition onto paper for a black and a blue Montblanc ballpoint pen ink they studied . In addition, LC‐MS and CE‐MS are better suited for quantitation and for profiling.…”

Section: Questioned Documentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of liquid‐based separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence

Moini

2018

Electrophoresis

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In the past few years, there has been a significant effort by the forensic science community to develop new scientific techniques for the analysis of forensic evidence. Forensic chemists have been spearheaded to develop information-rich confirmatory technologies and techniques and apply them to a broad array of forensic challenges. The purpose of these confirmatory techniques is to provide alternatives to presumptive techniques that rely on data such as color changes, pattern matching, or retention time alone, which are prone to more false positives. To this end, the application of separation techniques in conjunction with mass spectrometry has played an important role in the analysis of forensic evidence. Moreover, in the past few years the role of liquid separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry, has gained significant tractions and have been applied to a wide range of chemicals, from small molecules such as drugs and explosives, to large molecules such as proteins. For example, proteomics and peptidomics have been used for identification of humans, organs, and bodily fluids. A wide range of HPLC techniques including reversed phase, hydrophilic interaction, mixed-mode, supercritical fluid, multidimensional chromatography, and nanoLC, as well as several modes of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry, including capillary zone electrophoresis, partial filling, full filling, and micellar electrokenetic chromatography have been applied to the analysis drugs, explosives, and questioned documents. In this article, we review recent (2015-2017) applications of liquid separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence.

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“…Koenig et al, 15,16 in previous publications, determined the limits of reliable measurements of 2-PE quantities and the repeatability of the liquid extraction method, and the repeatability and reproducibility of the Termal Desorption/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method. 16 Recently, Diaz-Santana et al 17 attempt to develop a method integrating gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with high-pressure liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) to study the relative variations between different compounds and the generation of degradation products such as phenol, from MontBlanc© pens, during 45 months. They used multiple regression model for each ink type to estimate the exposure time of the ink on paper with a maximum error of between 4 and 7 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Figures of Merit Evaluation of Gc/MS Method for Quantification of 2-Phenoxyethanol From Ballpoint Pen Ink Lines and Determination of the Influence of Support Paper on Solvent Extraction

Carvalho¹,

Ortiz²,

Limberger³

2018

Quim. Nova

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Brazilian Forensic Scientists are frequently asked about ballpoint pen manuscripts chronology in documents suspected to be forged. In the recent years, many methods like quantification of 2-PE (2-phenoxyethanol) have been developed on this subject. The validation of these methods only recently has been a concern between scientific forensic community. Researchers studied the behavior of ink on ageing, but few of them concerned about the influence of the paper on the extraction of 2-PE. This study performed the figures of merit evaluation of the quantification of 2-PE using GC/MS, testing the main parameters involved in the reliability of the method (linearity, repeatability, limits of detection and quantification, accuracy and robustness). After, based on a full factorial design with four factors and two repetitions, the authors tested kind of paper, grammage of paper, ink color and three ink ages, to verify the paper influence on the quantity of 2-PE from ink, trough GC/MS analysis. The merit parameters evaluation showed that the method is linear, precise, accurate and robust. The results for the effect of paper showed main effects of the factors and the existence of interactions effects between the kind of paper and paper grammage, and between the kind of paper and other factors.

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Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection for dating of paper ink

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Blue and Black Ballpoint Pen Inks: a Systematic Review for Ink Characterization and Dating Analysis

Blue and Black Ballpoint Pen Inks: a Systematic Review for Ink Characterization and Dating Analysis

Applications of liquid‐based separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence

Figures of Merit Evaluation of Gc/MS Method for Quantification of 2-Phenoxyethanol From Ballpoint Pen Ink Lines and Determination of the Influence of Support Paper on Solvent Extraction

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