Gender differences and measurement bias in the assessment of adult intelligence: Evidence from the Italian WAIS-IV and WAIS-R standardizations

Pezzuti, Lina; Tommasi, Marco; Saggino, Aristide; Dawe, James; Lauriola, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101436

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Unpredictably no statistical effect of sex on WM was found, revealing a similar way for both male and female participants to perform in this cognitive domain. This result is in contrast to a recent Italian study on TD by Pezzuti et al (2020) in which there was an outperformance of men in WMI composite scores and its Arithmetic subtest. The absence of effects of sex on this index in our autistic sample could be interpreted in light of extreme male brain theory (Baron-Cohen, 2002) whereby autism can be considered as an extreme of the normal male profile.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Even when the joint effect of sex and level of autism is controlled, the result remains statistically significant on each subtest. This result is in line with the previous studies on TD considering the female superiority in Processing Speed Index (Pezzuti et al, 2020); hence the same pattern seems to occur in ASD population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These results were in line with an Italian study by Pezzuti et al . ( 2020 ) that found that men performed significantly better than women in the Arithmetic subtest and the WMI of the WAIS-IV. In their study comparing performances of TD on WAIS-R and WAIS-IV, gender differences appeared broader and more extensive in the WAIS-R sample, as other previous authors mentioned using WAIS-III (Dolan et al ., 2006 ; Van der Sluis et al ., 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – Fourth Edition profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorder

Cicinelli

Nobile

Brighenti

et al. 2022

Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci

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Aim In this study, we have compared 229 Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) cognitive profiles of different severity adults with autism spectrum disorder to verify the impact of several variables including sex, age, level of education and autism severity level in an Italian sample. Moreover, we wanted to find out the optimal cut points for the major intelligence quotients in order to discriminate autism severity levels. Methods Participants were recruited from two National Health System Center in two different Italian regions and were assessed with gold-standard instruments as a part of their clinical evaluation. According to DSM-5, cognitive domains were also measured with multi-componential tests. We used the Italian adaptation of WAIS-IV. We checked our hypotheses using linear regression models and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Results Our results showed that age and level of education have a strong impact on Verbal Comprehension (VCI) and Working Memory Indexes (WMI). Gender differences are relevant when considering the VCI and Processing Speed index (PSI) in which women obtained the best performance. These differences are still relevant when considering cut points of ROC because 69 resulted to be the optimal cut point for women, 65 for men. Conclusions Few conclusions can be assumed only examining Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) scores as it includes many different information about broader cognitive abilities. Looking deeper at main indexes and their subtests findings are consistent with previous research on the disorder (moderate correlations of FSIQ, Perceptual Reasoning index, WMI and PSI with the participants’ age), while other results are unforeseen (no effect of sex found on FSIQ score) or novel (significant effect of education on VCI and WMI). Using an algorithm predicting optimal cut point for discriminating through autism severity levels can help clinicians to better label and quantify the required help a person may need, a test cannot replace diagnostic and clinical evaluation by experienced clinicians.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – Fourth Edition profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorder

Cicinelli

Nobile

Brighenti

et al. 2022

Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci

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“…However, not all studies have reported that female participants outperformed male participants in emotional intelligence (Al-Hamdan et al, 2017). For example, a recent study found that males outperform females on some measures of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale's measures of intelligence (Pezzuti et al, 2020). Furthermore, Saygili (2015) found no differences between male and female gifted students in emotional intelligence.…”

Section: Impact Of Gender and Grade Level On Intelligencementioning

confidence: 99%

Do Different Types of Intelligence and Its Implicit Theories Vary Based on Gender and Grade Level?

et al. 2022

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The current study investigated correlations among gifted students’ academic performance; emotional, social, analytical, creative, and practical intelligence; and their implicit theories of intelligence. Furthermore, it studied the effect of gender and grade on these variables. The participants included 174 gifted fifth (41.4%) and sixth (58.6%) grade students, comprising 53.4% male and 46.6% female. The following analytical, creative, and practical intelligence tests were administered: Aurora Battery, the emotional intelligence scale, the implicit theories of intelligence scale, and an assessment scale of students’ performances. The results revealed significant correlations among academic performance, kinds of intelligence, and implicit theories of intelligence. There were no significant differences between the male and female students in these measures. There were, however, significant differences between the fifth and sixth grade students, with the sixth-grade students showing higher levels of all kinds of intelligence, except emotional intelligence. Moreover, the results indicated that the intelligence measures were non-significantly affected by either gender or gender–grade interaction. Overall, our results showed that most types of intelligence are related to giftedness, and that there were no gender differences among gifted students on measures of intelligence.

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“…To date, several studies have examined sex differences in the general intellectual ability and broad abilities underlying well-known intelligence tests, such as the WJ III COG (e.g., Keith et al 2008 ), the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (KABC-II; e.g., Hajovsky et al 2018 ; Reynolds et al 2008 ), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition (WISC-V; e.g., Chen et al 2015 ; Chen et al 2020 ; Dombrowski et al 2020 ), and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (e.g., Pezzuti et al 2020 ). Generally, research on sex differences in general intelligence (g) has been inconsistent.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Sex Invariance of the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities: Evidence from Psychometric Network Modeling

et al. 2021

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The Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ IV COG) is a comprehensive assessment battery designed to assess broad and narrow cognitive abilities, as defined by the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of intelligence. Previous studies examined the invariance of the WJ assessments across sex and age groups using factor analytic methods. Psychometric network modeling is an alternative methodology that can address both direct and indirect relationships among the observed variables. In this study, we employed psychometric network modeling to examine the invariance of the WJ IV COG across sex and age groups. Using a normative sample (n = 4212 participants) representative of the United States population, we tested the extent to which the factorial structure of the WJ IV COG aligned with CHC theory for the school-aged sample. Next, we used psychometric network modeling as a data-driven method to investigate whether the network structure of the WJ IV COG remains similar across different sex and age (age 6 to 19, inclusively) groups. Our results showed that the WJ IV COG maintained the same network structure across all age and sex groups, although the network structure at younger ages indicated weaker relationships among some subtests. Overall, the results provide construct validity evidence for the WJ IV COG, based on both theoretical and data-driven methods.

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Gender differences and measurement bias in the assessment of adult intelligence: Evidence from the Italian WAIS-IV and WAIS-R standardizations

Cited by 14 publications

References 57 publications

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – Fourth Edition profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorder

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults – Fourth Edition profiles of adults with autism spectrum disorder

Do Different Types of Intelligence and Its Implicit Theories Vary Based on Gender and Grade Level?

Age and Sex Invariance of the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities: Evidence from Psychometric Network Modeling

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