Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Constraints: Do the Constraints Predict University Agriculture Graduates’ Attitudes towards Entrepreneurship?

Abstract

This quantitative study analyzed and predicted gender differences of agriculture graduates’ attitudes towards and challenges in entrepreneurship in Botswana. The study adopted a descriptive and correlational survey research design. A valid and reliable questionnaire was used for data collection through a survey of randomly sampled 149 final year agriculture graduate students (n=149). Inferential statistical tools of Independent t-test and Regression analysis were used for data analysis. The findings of the study determined three important attitudinal factors as: entrepreneurship results in economic growth of a country, employability and income generation and, entrepreneurship improves individual and social growth. Three important constraints in entrepreneurship were lack of land, lack of proper infrastructure and, lack of capital. These top attitudinal factors as well as constraints were the same for the male and female graduates despite of their ranking and importance. A gender difference in students’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship was established while no gender difference in the challenges in entrepreneurship was found. Out of fifteen constraints in entrepreneurship under study, only three constraints namely, lack of land, high competition in market and lack of capital, were determined as significant predictors of the graduates’ attitudes towards entrepreneurship. It is recommended that these three factors be made priorities while making policies for entrepreneurship development in the country. Further study is recommended to explore the perceptions of graduates on the possible ways to improve on these three predicting constraints and explore latent constraints predicting graduates’ attitude towards entrepreneurship. Those findings may provide better ideas in planning policies for entrepreneurial development among agriculture graduates in Botswana.

Are There Gender Differences in Sustainable Entrepreneurship Indicators Amongst SMEs in South Africa? Application of MANOVA

“…They found that finance is one of the reasons for gender disparity in entrepreneurship ownership and management within Africa. Furthermore, a similar result was found in Botswana by Baliyan et al (2020). Finance was found as one of the major factors leading to gender inequality in ownership structure of entrepreneurship activities.…”

“…The findings of the mixed method technique further suggested the need to develop new policies that will further ease female accessibility to finance to reduce the imbalances in gender ownership structure and management of entrepreneurship activities in the country. Similar conclusions were drawn from the study by Baliyan, Mosia and Baliya (2020) in Botswana where finance was found as one of the major attitudinal factors responsible for gender inequality in ownership structure and management of entrepreneurship activities. Mahadea and Khumalo (2020) observed storage and infrastructural challenges as some of the factors inhibiting the progress and sustainability of entrepreneurship activities in South Africa.…”

The Role of Gender Moderates the Effect of Entrepreneurial Mindsets on Student Intention

“…Research showed that there was no gender difference at the barriers of entrepreneurship, indicating men and women graduates encounter the same obstacles on entrepreneurship (Baliyan et al, 2020). We also cannot detect a moderating effect between gender inequality and other role models (Bastian et al, 2019).…”

Impact of gender differences in perception of creative identities of artist, creator, manager, entrepreneur and leader on sustainability

“…The literature about an entrepreneur's identity with the gender lens is broad. There are researches describing differences in the area of venture creation and opportunity exploitation (Baliyan et al, 2020;Duygu Seckin & Tutku Seckin, 2019;Lewis et al, 2016;Rambe & Ndofirepi, 2017), motives of venture creation and involvement (Kharlamova & Stavytskyy, 2020;Mungai & Ogot, 2012;Orser et al, 2012), entrepreneurship competence and entrepreneurial intentions (Daliman et al, 2019), or even fear of failure or danger in the venture establishing (Bullough & Renko, 2017;Daoud et al, 2020). Researchers have been looking for conclusions taking into consideration particular grounds for entrepreneurship, e.g.…”