Gender, International Status, and Ambassador Appointments

Towns, Ann; Niklasson, Birgitta

doi:10.1093/fpa/orw039

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In the volume, Gendering Diplomacy and International Negotiation more comprehensive mappings are provided. A chapter reproducing a study by Towns and Niklasson (2017) shows that women globally hold 15 percent of the world's ambassador appointments, which is the top position for career diplomats and a coveted political appointment. Not one of these ambassadors are openly presented as non-binary.…”

Section: Representation and The Quest For Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the scholarship on gender and diplomacy, the concept of institution is generally used in either of two central meanings: firstly, as formal organizations with clear goals and rules, stipulating chains of command and institutional positions with authorities and responsibilities; and secondly, as less formalized but yet persistent sets of relationships, practices or behavioral patterns. It is important to note that in this scholarship, institutions themselves, and not just the people working as diplomats, are approached as bearers of gender (Towns and Niklasson 2017). Furthermore, feminist institutional studies demonstrate that institutions in either sense of the term can be gendered.…”

Section: The Diplomatic Infrastructurea Gendered Institutionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A century later, men still remain grossly overrepresented in contemporary diplomacy. Eighty-five percent of the world's ambassadors were men in 2014 (Towns and Niklasson 2017), and men constitute an even higher share of negotiators and chief mediators in peace negotiations (Aggestam and Svensson 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The gender turn in diplomacy: a new research agenda

Aggestam

Towns

2018

International Feminist Journal of Politics

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This article argues that the (re-)constitution of diplomacy is intimately linked to gender and the practices of exclusion and inclusion of women and men over time. While the big debates in both academia and among practitioners concern the change and continuity of diplomacy in the last hundred years, gender has received scant, if any, attention. The overarching aim of this article is therefore to advance a new research agenda, which can spur future gender studies and contribute to rethinking diplomacy. It presents an original narrative about three distinct bodies of diplomatic scholarly work that focus on (1) diplomatic history; (2) descriptive representation; and (3) gendered institutions. We conclude that first there is a need to move out of Europe and North America to provide greater focus on Africa, Asia and Latin America. Second, there is a need to move beyond the descriptive single case studies towards more systematic comparisons, which can trace change in institutional gender dynamics over time. Ethnographic work can provide novel insights to gendered micro-processes and the daily mundane institutional practices. Third, as part of the gender turn in the field of diplomacy international feminist theory can generate significant theoretical contributions to the transformation of diplomacy.

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Section: Representation and The Quest For Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: The Diplomatic Infrastructurea Gendered Institutionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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The gender turn in diplomacy: a new research agenda

Aggestam

Towns

2018

International Feminist Journal of Politics

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“…The access of women to the diplomatic profession, formally forbidden until quite recently in many countries, is now a common practice across the world, but discrimination remains when high-ranked appointments are examined (cfr. Towns and Niklasson 2016). It can be argued nonetheless, that a thorough examination of the implications of gender for diplomacy, as indeed with class and race, needs to go beyond what is observable in staff lists ordered by gender and rank.…”

Section: Diplomacy As a Distinctive Professionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transprofessional Diplomacy

Constantinou

Cornago

McConnell

2016

BRP Dipl Foreign Policy

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Diplomacy is no longer restricted to a single vocation nor implemented exclusively through interaction amongst official representatives. In exploring the challenges that these transformations produce, this work surveys firstly, thegenealogyof diplomacy as a profession, tracing how it changed from a civic duty into a vocation requiring training and the acquisition of specific knowledge and skills. Secondly, using the lens of thesociologyof professions, the development of diplomacy as a distinctive profession is examined, including its importance for the consolidation of the power of modern nation-states. Thirdly, it examines how the landscape of professional diplomacy is being diversified and enriched by a series of non-state actors, with their corresponding professionals, transforming thephenomenologyof contemporary diplomacy. Rather than seeing this pluralization of diplomatic actors in negative terms as thedeprofessionalization of diplomacy, we frame these trends astransprofessionalization, that is, as a productive development that reflects the expanded diplomatic space and the intensified pace of global interconnections and networks, and the new possibilities they unleash for practising diplomacy in different milieus.

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“…Towns ve Niklasson'un 2014 yılına ait bulguları da, İsveç, Norveç, Avusturalya ve ABD'de kadın büyükelçilerin yüzde 25-40 oranlarına ulaştığını ifade etmiştir. 52 Zaman içindeki bu iyileşmeye rağmen, diplomasinin erkek-egemen yapısı sürmektedir. Temmuz 2016'da yapılan bir araştırmaya göre, ABD tarihinde görev yapmış tüm büyükelçilerin sadece yüzde 9'u kadındır.…”

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Diplomaside Kadın ve Egemen Maskülenlik: Değişen Normlar ve Pratikler

Süleymanoğlu-Kürüm¹,

Rumelili²

2018

Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi

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Geleneksel olarak erkek-egemen bir kurum olan diplomasi yakın zamanda çok sayıda kadının mesleğe girmesi ile bir dönüşüm sürecine girmiştir. Bu makale, diplomasiye toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifinden bakan sınırlı sayıda çalışmanın temel katkılarını tanıtmakta ve farklı ülkelerden örnekler vererek diplomasideki hâkim toplumsal cinsiyet normlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Sonrasında ise makale, benzer bir dönüşümün Türk diplomasisinde de yaşandığını göstermekte ve Türk diplomasisinde artan kadın oranını ortaya koymaktadır. Makalenin temel bulguları, diplomatların yayınlanmış hatıra kitapları ve mülakatlarına dayanarak, bir yandan dünya diplomasisinde ortaya çıkan toplumsal cinsiyet normlarının Türkiye için de geçerli olduğunu doğrularken, diğer yandan kadınların yavaş da olsa diplomatik kariyerde yükselebildiğini ve Türkiye özelinde bu normların kırılmaya başladığını göstermektedir.

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Gender, International Status, and Ambassador Appointments

Cited by 29 publications

References 23 publications

The gender turn in diplomacy: a new research agenda

The gender turn in diplomacy: a new research agenda

Transprofessional Diplomacy

Diplomaside Kadın ve Egemen Maskülenlik: Değişen Normlar ve Pratikler

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