Molecular
platforms capable of both photochemical H2 evolution and
electrochemical catalyst regeneration hold promise
for the efficient generation of solar fuels. Systems studied to date
require a significant electrochemical overpotential (η), so
no photon energy is being chemically stored. A detailed study of the
parameters that govern the electrochemical overpotential of molecular
photoelectrocatalysts is presented. By understanding how tuning the
solvent, catalyst structure, and acid pK
a affect the kinetics and thermodynamics of the potential- and light-driven
H2 evolution reaction, conditions were identified wherein
the solvento complex [Cp*Ir(bpy)(NCCH3)][PF6]2 (Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl; bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine)
mediates photoelectrocatalytic H2 formation at an electrochemical
“underpotential” (η < 0) driven by visible
light. Under 460 nm illumination and in the presence of the weak organic
acid H-PhTMG+ (2-phenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium),
the catalyst facilitates H2 evolution with Faradaic efficiencies
up to 90% and overpotentials as low as −90 mV. Mechanistic
studies enabled the construction of graphical “maps”
that can guide the choice of catalyst and conditions to minimize overpotential,
applicable to both photoelectrocatalysts and dark electrocatalysts.