Genes in Sport and Doping

Pokrywka, Andrzej; Kaliszewski, Paweł; Majorczyk, Edyta; Zembroń-Łacny, Agnieszka

doi:10.5604/20831862.1059606

Cited by 44 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Its positive effect on exercise performance must be combined with effective training programs and favorable lifestyle habits for success in sports and health benefits [249]. Accordingly, one of the applications of sports genetics could be the development of predictive genetic performance tests.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Progress in Sports Genomics

Ahmetov

Fedotovskaya

2015

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

167

164

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Progress in Sports Genomics

Ahmetov

Fedotovskaya

2015

Advances in Clinical Chemistry

167

164

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“…Evidence for selection of target genes comes from studies exploring the role of gene polymorphism in determining athletic performance . Potential targets for gene doping are considered Epo, IGF‐I, myostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor, α actinin 3 (ACTN3), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ), cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carbohykinase (PEPCK‐C), endorphin, enkephalin, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and others . IGF‐I is a very attractive candidate for gene therapy, as animal studies show increased muscle mass, accelerated muscle and nerve regeneration in IGF‐I transgenic mice models, and muscle strength response to training is influenced by IGF‐I genotype in humans .…”

Section: Other Doping Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions

Birzniece

2015

Internal Medicine Journal

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Doping in sport is a widespread problem not just among elite athletes, but even more so in recreational sports. In scientific literature, major emphasis is placed on doping detection, whereas detrimental effects of doping agents on athletes' health are seldom discussed. Androgenic anabolic steroids are well known for their positive effects on muscle mass and strength. Human growth hormone also increases muscle mass, although the majority of that is an increase in extracellular fluid and not the functional muscle mass. In recreational athletes, growth hormone does not have major effect on muscle strength, power or aerobic capacity, but stimulates anaerobic exercise capacity. Erythropoietin administration increases oxygen-carrying capacity of blood improving endurance measures, whereas systemic administration of beta-adrenergic agonists may have positive effect on sprint capacity, and beta-adrenergic antagonists reduce muscle tremor. Thus, there are certain drugs that can improve selective aspects of physical performance. However, most of the doping agents exert serious side-effects, especially when used in combination, at high doses and for a long duration. The extent of long-term health consequences is difficult to predict, but likely to be substantial, especially when gene doping is considered. This review summarises the main groups of doping agents used by athletes, with the main focus on their effects on athletic performance and adverse effects.

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“…Several factors that might influence the steroid profile need to be taken into consideration, such as inter-individual variability of steroid synthesis and metabolism, including the UGT2B17 or ACTN3 polymorphism (Jakobsson et al, 2006;Pokrywka et al, 2013;Ahmetov et al, 2014), pregnancy, contraceptive pills, a large intake of alcohol, the administration of ketoconazole, human chorionic gonadotropin in males, inhibitors of 5-α-reductase, the influence of microorganisms existing in urine samples and the use of masking agents and diuretics (Mareck et al, 2008;World Anti-Doping Agency, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical procedure for steroid profiling valid for Athlete Biological Passport

et al. 2015

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Although various attempts have been made to eliminate doping in sport, hitherto they all have proved futile. Moreover, the main class of substances that jeopardises the fair play rule remains the same -anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). To date, longitudinal monitoring of the fluctuations of the endogenous steroids content for a given athlete is regardeded as the most effective approach to the detection of AAS abuse. This is based on the fact that the activity of the steroid biosynthesis pathway may undergo significant changes in response to the AAS administration. This paper presents the entire analytical procedure for quantification of steroids crucial for the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP): testosterone, epitestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5-α-androstandiol and 5-β-androstandiol. The procedure consists of a four-step sample preparation process followed by analysis by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The limits of quantification for the substances listed above were; 0.44 ng mL −1 , 2.07 ng mL −1 , 1.24 ng mL −1 , 62.49 ng mL −1 , 36.20 ng mL −1 , 16.90 ng mL −1 and 14.92 ng mL −1 , respectively. Aqueous solutions containing deuterated and non-deuterated steroids were used for calibration purposes. Subsequently, the validation parameters, e.g., precision, accuracy and recovery were evaluated for each substance individually.

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Genes in Sport and Doping

Cited by 44 publications

References 65 publications

Current Progress in Sports Genomics

Current Progress in Sports Genomics

Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions

Analytical procedure for steroid profiling valid for Athlete Biological Passport

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