Genetic and Chemical Analysis of Deep Purple Flower in Soybean

Abstract

1893 RESEARCHT he flower color of soybean is primarily controlled by six loci: W1, W2, W3, W4, Wm, and Wp (Palmer et al., 2004;Takahashi et al., 2007). W3 and W4 have epistatic effects under the dominant W1 allele, where the W3W4 allele produces dark purple, w3W4 produces purple, the W3w4 allele generates dilute purple (or purple throat), and w3w4 gives rise to near white flowers (Hartwig and Hinson, 1962). The W3 and W4 genes encode different copies of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR); the former encodes DFR1 and the latter encodes DFR2 (Fasoula et al., 1995;Xu et al., 2010;Yang et al., 2010;Park et al., 2015). Genetic analysis of flower color was performed on a cross between the purple-flowered US cultivar Clark and Clark-W3w4 (L70-4422), a Clark near-isogenic line with dilute purple flowers (Takahashi, unpublished data, 2005). A total of 77 F 2 plants segregated into 57 plants with purple flowers, 17 plants with dilute purple flowers, and three plants with near white flowers. The segregation fitted a 12:3:1 ratio (c 2 = 1.15, P = 0.56), suggesting that two genes control flower color, in accordance with a previous report (Hartwig ABSTRACT A soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant line producing deep purple flowers (E013-C-1) was developed from an ethylmethane sulfonatetreated population of the cultivar 'Bay', which has purple flowers. Genetic analysis was performed on a cross between 'E013-C-1' and the cultivar 'Clark' that had purple flowers. F 1 plants had purple flowers whereas F 2 plants segregated into a 3:1 purple/deep purple ratio. The results suggest that a single gene controls flower color and that purple color is dominant to deep purple. F 3 plants derived from F 2 plants with deep purple flowers were fixed for deep purple flowers. F 3 plants derived from F 2 plants with purple flowers segregated into two families segregating for flower color and one family that was fixed for purple flower color. The results confirmed that a single gene controls flower color and its recessive allele is responsible for deep purple flower color. The gene was designated Wd. Linkage mapping with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers suggested that the Wd gene was located between Satt612 and Sct_199 in chromosome 18. Deep purple petals contained 50% higher levels of anthocyanins than purple petals. The vacuolar pH of deep purple flowers was similar to that of purple ones. These results suggest that the Wd gene controls the amount of anthocyanins and it is responsible for the development of deep purple flowers.

Flavonoid Synthesis-Related Genes Determine the Color of Flower Petals in Brassica napus L.

“…Transformation of yellow-flowered B. napus with PAP2 (production of anthocyanin pigment 2) from Orychophragmus violaceus under the control of a petal-specific promoter promoted the accumulation of anthocyanins in petals, which resulted in the production of red flowers [ 25 ]. Takahashi et al showed that the anthocyanin content of soybean with dark purple flowers was 50% higher than that of purple petals [ 26 ], and the anthocyanin content and the development of dark purple flowers were regulated by the Wd gene. Liu et al found that RS392880, an allele of the F3′H gene, regulates the purple flower trait of radishes via the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway [ 27 ].…”

A multiple phenotype imputation method for genetic diversity and core collection in Taiwanese vegetable soybean

“…However, low plant height and first pod height restricted its production and it was not suitable for mechanical harvesting (Zdravković et al, 2005;Jiang H. et al, 2018). However, KG0031 had a purple corolla color, which means it may have more flavonoids (such as dihydroflavonols) (Iwashina et al, 2007;Takahashi et al, 2017). Overall, many accessions of the CC impu are in accordance with findings reported by Kao et al (2021), indicating two algorithms (advanced M strategy on PowerCore and modified Roger's distance) are useful to construct the CC with maximal representative and high diversity from the EC.…”