Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review<i>(Open Access publication)</i>

Robic, Annie; Larzul, Catherine; Bonneau, Michel

doi:10.1051/gse:2007040

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…The remaining boar taint QTL previously identified on SSC6 for smell intensity [39], subjective pork odour and skatole measurements [17,40] are located distal or proximal on SSC6. None of the other QTL studies investigating androstenone or sensory panel traits identified effects on SSC6 [19,24,39]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two linkage studies using microsatellite markers have identified several QTL regions for androstenone and skatole in experimental crosses with 485 and 187 F2 animals, respectively [17,18] pointing towards several areas in the genome affecting these traits. Also, single candidate genes involved in androstenone synthesis and metabolism of androstenone and skatole have been analyzed at the level of RNA and protein expression and in single SNP association studies (reviewed by Robic et al, 2008 [19]). However, no conclusive results showing functional mutations affecting androstenone and skatole levels in fat tissue have been described until now.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A genome-wide association study on androstenone levels in pigs reveals a cluster of candidate genes on chromosome 6

Duijvesteijn¹,

Knol²,

Merks³

et al. 2010

BMC Genet

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BackgroundIn many countries, male piglets are castrated shortly after birth because a proportion of un-castrated male pigs produce meat with an unpleasant flavour and odour. Main compounds of boar taint are androstenone and skatole. The aim of this high-density genome-wide association study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with androstenone levels in a commercial sire line of pigs. The identification of major genetic effects causing boar taint would accelerate the reduction of boar taint through breeding to finally eliminate the need for castration.ResultsThe Illumina Porcine 60K+SNP Beadchip was genotyped on 987 pigs divergent for androstenone concentration from a commercial Duroc-based sire line. The association analysis with 47,897 SNPs revealed that androstenone levels in fat tissue were significantly affected by 37 SNPs on pig chromosomes SSC1 and SSC6. Among them, the 5 most significant SNPs explained together 13.7% of the genetic variance in androstenone. On SSC6, a larger region of 10 Mb was shown to be associated with androstenone covering several candidate genes potentially involved in the synthesis and metabolism of androgens. Besides known candidate genes, such as cytochrome P450 A19 (CYP2A19), sulfotransferases SULT2A1, and SULT2B1, also new members of the cytochrome P450 CYP2 gene subfamilies and of the hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenases (HSD17B14) were found. In addition, the gene encoding the ß-chain of the luteinizing hormone (LHB) which induces steroid synthesis in the Leydig cells of the testis at onset of puberty maps to this area on SSC6. Interestingly, the gene encoding the α-chain of LH is also located in one of the highly significant areas on SSC1.ConclusionsThis study reveals several areas of the genome at high resolution responsible for variation of androstenone levels in intact boars. Major genetic factors on SSC1 and SSC6 showing moderate to large effects on androstenone concentration were identified in this commercial breeding line of pigs. Known and new candidate genes cluster especially on SSC6. For one of the most significant SNP variants, the difference in the proportion of animals surpassing the threshold of consumer acceptance between the two homozygous genotypes was as much as 15.6%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genome-wide association study on androstenone levels in pigs reveals a cluster of candidate genes on chromosome 6

Duijvesteijn¹,

Knol²,

Merks³

et al. 2010

BMC Genet

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“…Androstenone, a more urine smelling compound is also accumulated in adipose tissue. It is biosynthesised from cholesterol in boar testes (reviewed in [2]). It was previously found that levels of both compounds are linked to sexual maturity of male pigs [3] and that there is a relationship between their metabolisms [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enzymes and regulatory proteins relating to both androstenone and skatole concentrations have been reviewed in several papers [2] and [15]. Androstenone along with other steroid hormones are synthesized from pregnenolone or progesterone through the formation of 5,16-androstadien-3β-ol or 4,16-androstadien-3-one, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genome-wide association scan and phased haplotype construction for quantitative trait loci affecting boar taint in three pig breeds

et al. 2012

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BackgroundBoar taint is the undesirable smell and taste of pork meat derived from some entire male pigs. The main causes of boar taint are the two compounds androstenone and skatole (3-methyl-indole). The steroid androstenone is a sex pheromone produced in the testis of the boars. Skatole is produced from tryptophan by bacteria in the intestine of the pigs. In many countries pigs are castrated as piglets to avoid boar taint, however, this is undesirable for animal welfare reasons. Genetic variations affecting the level of boar taint have previously been demonstrated in many breeds. In the study presented in this paper, markers and haplotypes, which can be applied to DNA-based selection schemes in order to reduce or eliminate the boar taint problem, are identified.ResultsApproximately 30,000 SNPs segregating in 923 boars from three Danish breeds; Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire, were used to conduct genome wide association studies of boar taint compounds. At 46 suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTL), 25 haplotypes and three single markers with effects were identified. Furthermore, 40% of the haplotypes mapped to previously identified regions. Haplotypes were also analysed for effects of slaughter weight and meat content. The most promising haplotype was identified on Sus scrofa chromosome 1. The gain in fixed effect of having this haplotype on level of androstenone in Landrace was identified to be high (1.279 μg/g). In addition, this haplotype explained 16.8% of the phenotypic variation within the trait. The haplotype was identified around the gene CYB5A which is known to have an indirect impact on the amount of androstenone. In addition to CYB5A, the genes SRD5A2, LOC100518755, and CYP21A2 are candidate genes for other haplotypes affecting androstenone, whereas, candidate genes for the indolic compounds were identified to be SULT1A1 and CYP2E1.ConclusionsDespite the small sample size, a total of 25 haplotypes and three single markers were identified including genomic regions not previously reported. The haplotypes that were analysed showed large effects on trait level. However, little overlap of QTL between breeds was observed.

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Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes of the synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids related to mutton flavor in the lamb liver using Allium mongolicum Regel extract

Zhao

Zhang

Erdene

et al. 2022

Journal of Animal Science

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The objective of this study was to identify candidate genes via which Allium Mongolicum Regel ethanol extract (AME) affects the synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) related to mutton flavor by transcriptome analysis in the lamb liver. Thirty male Small-tailed Han sheep (3 months old; 33.6 ± 1.2 kg) were randomly divided into two groups and fed for 75 days with a basal diet containing no AME (CON, control group) or 2.8 g·lamb -1·d -1 AME (AME group). Twelve sheep, CON (n=6) and AME (n=6), were selected for slaughter at the end of the trial period, and liver samples were subsequently collected. There was no difference in 4-ethyloctanoic acid content among treatments. The 4-methyloctanoic acid and 4-methylnonanoic acid levels were significantly lower in the AME group than in the CON group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the CON and AME groups, of which 182 were upregulated and 279 were downregulated in the AME group. The DEGs were enriched in three pathways, namely, glutathione metabolism, ECM-receptor interaction and steroid hormone biosynthesis, as determined by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Finally, CYP2B6, ACOT12, THEM4, ACSF2, LPIN1 and ADCY4 were identified as candidate genes that might be involved in regulating the BCFAs synthesis in the sheep liver.

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Genetic and metabolic aspects of androstenone and skatole deposition in pig adipose tissue: A review(Open Access publication)

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

A genome-wide association study on androstenone levels in pigs reveals a cluster of candidate genes on chromosome 6

A genome-wide association study on androstenone levels in pigs reveals a cluster of candidate genes on chromosome 6

Genome-wide association scan and phased haplotype construction for quantitative trait loci affecting boar taint in three pig breeds

Transcriptome analysis reveals candidate genes of the synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids related to mutton flavor in the lamb liver using Allium mongolicum Regel extract

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