Genetic variation and biogeography of the disjunct Vitis subg. Vitis (Vitaceae)

Abstract

Contact: peros@supagro.inra.frAim : Vitis subg. Vitis provides an example of a plant disjunction occurring in the Northern Hemisphere. It shows broad morphological variation but is assumed to be a species complex with limited genetic differentiation. Based on a comprehensive sampling of taxa and polymorphism in both chloroplast and nuclear DNA, we assessed genetic variation within this subgenus. Our aims were to clarify the relationships among species and to examine their historical biogeography. Location: Asia, Europe, North America. Methods: We analysed a total of 30 species and putative hybrids from subgenus Vitis and examined the infra-specific variation in some species. Polymorphism in chloroplast DNA was assessed in trnL and trnH-psbA-trnK sequences (c. 2170 bp) and in 15 microsatellite loci. We also obtained nuclear data for size variation at 24 microsatellite loci. Phylogenetic inference was performed with Bayesian analyses. A maximum parsimony network was constructed to depict the evolutionary relationships among haplotypes, and microsatellite data were also subjected to hierarchical clustering analysis using the Ward distance. In addition, we assessed size homoplasy by sequencing both chloroplast and nuclear microsatellite loci. Results Chloroplast polymorphisms resolved subgenus Vitis as a monophyletic group with limited genetic variation. The ancestral haplotypes were found in Eurasia. American taxa all harboured derived haplotypes. Most of them formed a monophyletic group that did not include Vitis californica. The four main haplotypes in Vitis vinifera corresponded to two different origins. Nuclear microsatellites indicated that genetic variation was especially large in North America. Asian species exhibited a lower level of nuclear divergence and the European V. vinifera corresponded to a differentiated nuclear lineage. Main conclusions: We obtained some evidence that subgenus Vitis has an Asian origin and then dispersed to Europe and North America. Geographic separation was followed by diversification, presumably during the Pleistocene, resulting in phylogeographic patterns similar to other biota. In contrast to chloroplast DNA, nuclear DNA shows a larger than expected genetic variation. Our molecular data also highlight the need to re-examine certain aspects of the current subgeneric classificatio

Chloroplast diversity indicates two independent maternal lineages in cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. vinifera)

“…1). The markers comprised trnH-psbA, trnL-trnF, trnC-petN (Ren et al 2011), ccmp5, ccmp3, ccmp10 (Arroyo-García et al 2002), ccSSR-23, ccSSR-9 (Arroyo-García et al 2006, VVCP14789, VVCP28926, VVCP50403, VVCP13285, VVCP32585, VVCP67629, VVCP69871, VVCP121638, and VVCP123308 (Péros et al 2011). Those markers were predicted to be UCMs that potentially amplify only one fragment solely from the plastome.…”

“…Figure 1 was generated from the .pip file with Circos v0.64 (Krzywinski et al 2009) to visualize the marker positions. Ultimately, four markers were selected for our study: trnC-petN (Shaw et al 2005), VVCP14789, VVCP28926, and VVCP50403 (Péros et al 2011) (see Table S1 for additional details).…”

“…Hypervariable chloroplast regions, such as simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs), show higher polymorphism at lower taxonomic levels, but the risk of homoplasy is higher, especially when only length polymorphism is examined. In V. vinifera, cpSSRs are mostly mononucleotide (T or A) repeats that have been extensively used in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies ArroyoGarcía et al 2006;Grassi et al 2006;Péros et al 2011;Riahi et al 2011).…”

Morphology informed by phylogeny reveals unexpected patterns of species differentiation in the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides s.l.

“…For instance, a combination of four loci including rbcL and matK allowed a species resolution of only 65% in a set of Chinese Grimmiaceae (Liu et al, 2011). More variable regions of the genome, and nuclear microsatellites in particular, have therefore increasingly been used in moss species-level systematics (e.g., Caruso et al, 2010;Harbaugh et al, 2011;Karlin et al, 2008Karlin et al, , 2011Korpelainen et al, 2008;Peros et al, 2011;Ramaiya et al, 2010).…”

Fenologia e acúmulo térmico em videiras viníferas na região da Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul

“…As cultivares 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Merlot', 'Ruby Cabernet' e 'Tannat' têm poucos dados científicos que rastreiam com exatidão sua origem genética, contudo, dados moleculares tomados em um amplo grupo de genótipos, avaliados por meio de loci microssatélites mostram que a 'Tannat' se originou, provavelmente, a partir da seleção de variedades silvestres (Péros et al, 2011). Por sua maior rusticidade e menor grau de domesticação, em comparação às demais cultivares, a 'Tannat' apresenta maior produção de metabólitos secundários, como taninos, polifenóis e antocianinas, mesmo em condições ideais de desenvolvimento, o que impacta a qualidade de seu vinho e agrega valor farmacológico à variedade (González-Neves et al, 2012).…”