Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Distinct Origins of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum

Cuypers, Bart; Broeck, Frederik Van den; Reet, Nick Van; Meehan, Conor J.; Cauchard, Julien; Wilkes, Jonathan M.; Claes, Filip; Goddeeris, Bruno; Hadush, Birhanu; Dujardin, Jean‐Claude; Laukens, Kris; Büscher, Philippe; Deborggraeve, Stijn

doi:10.1093/gbe/evx102

Cited by 40 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In view of this fact, the actual course of the disease caused by these two trypanosome species was uncertain due to the close similarity in their ultrastructure, genetic makeup and antigenic nature, as has been demonstrated by the fact that the two species have shown similar genetic and antigenic expression (Touatier, 2000;Verloo et al, 2001;Claes et al, 2003a,b). However, recent findings of whole genome analysis of T. evansi and T. equiperdum provided new insights of their distinction and their relation with the different T. brucei subspecies (Birhanu et al, 2016;Cuypers et al, 2017). Both are evolved from T. brucei but with different geographical origins.…”

Section: Trypanosoma Equiperdum In the Horse -A Neglected Threat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both are evolved from T. brucei but with different geographical origins. The T. evansi genomes are related to the T. brucei genomes from Western Africa, whereas the T. equiperdum genomes are related to the T. brucei genomes from Eastern Africa (Carnes et al, 2015;Cuypers et al, 2017).…”

Section: Trypanosoma Equiperdum In the Horse -A Neglected Threat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) within the F1-ATP synthase γ subunit gene provided an identifying characteristic of T. evansi as distinct from T. equiperdum without relying on VSG genes or kinetoplast DNA (Birhanu et al, 2016). A recent findings of whole genome SNP analysis of T. evansi and T. equiperdum also provided new insights in the origin of both species and their relation with the different T. brucei subspecies (Cuypers et al, 2017). This method may be the future key for differentiation of the two species and then developing specific markers for diagnosis.…”

Section: Serology: Indirect Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Genotype analysis is able to differentiate T. evansi from T. equiperdum (Carnes et al, 2015;Birhanu et al, 2016;Cuypers et al, 2017). This may lead to the development of other antigen-specific markers for T equiperdum in future ELISA.…”

Section: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trypanozoma equiperdum bij het paard – een onbekende bedreiging?

Ahmed¹,

Hagos²,

Merga³

et al. 2018

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift

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Dourine is a contagious disease caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum that is transmitted directly from animal to animal during coitus. Dourine is known as an important disease in many countries, and it threatens equidae worldwide. It is reported to be widespread in South America, Eastern Europe, Russia, Mongolia, Namibia and Ethiopia. The disease can be carried to various parts of the world through the transportation of infected animals and semen. Since knowledge of the prepatent infectiousness of a recently infected animal is lacking, introduction of the disease is in principle an ever-present threat. Definitive diagnosis depends on the identification of the parasite by means of direct microscopy. This is rarely possible in practice and therefore, diagnosis in the field is based on the observation of typical clinical signs, together with serological tests. This paper is an endeavour to review briefly and compile information on the appearance and importance of Dourine in terms of its epidemiological and clinical features, as well as on its diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

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Section: Trypanosoma Equiperdum In the Horse -A Neglected Threat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Trypanosoma Equiperdum In the Horse -A Neglected Threat?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Serology: Indirect Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Trypanozoma equiperdum bij het paard – een onbekende bedreiging?

Ahmed¹,

Hagos²,

Merga³

et al. 2018

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Finally, the intravascular behaviour of at least one other Trypanosoma species, T. congolense , appears distinct from T. brucei [ 56 , 57 ], questioning whether intra-host infection dynamics are shared across African trypanosomes. Indeed, T. equiperdum , which is more closely related to T. brucei [ 58 ], may represent an extreme case of tissue tropism, where the bloodstream as a habitat has been substantially abandoned [ 59 ].…”

Section: What Is the Contribution Of Extravascular Tissues To Antigenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging challenges in understanding trypanosome antigenic variation

McCulloch

Cobbold

Figueiredo

et al. 2017

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences

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Many pathogens evade host immunity by periodically changing the proteins they express on their surface - a phenomenon termed antigenic variation. An extreme form of antigenic variation, based around switching the composition of a Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat, is exhibited by the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human disease. The molecular details of VSG switching in T. brucei have been extensively studied over the last three decades, revealing in increasing detail the machinery and mechanisms by which VSG expression is controlled and altered. However, several key components of the models of T. brucei antigenic variation that have emerged have been challenged through recent discoveries. These discoveries include new appreciation of the importance of gene mosaics in generating huge levels of new VSG variants, the contributions of parasite development and body compartmentation in the host to the infection dynamics and, finally, potential differences in the strategies of antigenic variation and host infection used by the crucial livestock trypanosomes T. congolense and T. vivax. This review will discuss all these observations, which raise questions regarding how secure the existing models of trypanosome antigenic variation are. In addition, we will discuss the importance of continued mathematical modelling to understand the purpose of this widespread immune survival process.

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In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways

Gupta

Vohra

Sethi

et al. 2022

Trop Anim Health Prod

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High cytotoxicity and increasing resistance reports of existing chemotherapeutic agents against T. evansi have raised the demand for novel, potent, and high therapeutic index molecules for the treatment of surra in animals. In this regard, repurposing approach of drug discovery has provided an opportunity to explore the therapeutic potential of existing drugs against new organism. With this objective, the macrocyclic lactone representative, ivermectin, has been investigated for the efficacy against T. evansi in the axenic culture medium. To elucidate the potential target of ivermectin in T. evansi , mRNA expression profile of 13 important drug target genes has been studied at 12, 24, and 48 h interval. In the in vitro growth inhibition assay, ivermectin inhibited T. evansi growth and multiplication significantly ( p < 0.001) with IC 50 values of 13.82 μM, indicating potent trypanocidal activity. Cytotoxicity assays on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Vero cell line showed that ivermectin affected the viability of cells with a half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC 50 ) at 17.48 and 22.05 μM, respectively. Data generated showed there was significant down-regulation of hexokinase ( p < 0.001), ESAG8 ( p < 0.001), aurora kinase ( p < 0.001), casein kinase 1 ( p < 0.001), topoisomerase II ( p < 0.001), calcium ATPase 1 ( p < 0.001), ribonucleotide reductase I ( p < 0.05), and ornithine decarboxylase ( p < 0.01). The mRNA expression of oligopeptidase B remains refractory to the exposure of the ivermectin. The arginine kinase 1 and ribonucleotide reductase II showed up-regulation on treatment with ivermectin. The ivermectin was found to affect glycolytic pathways, ATP-dependent calcium ATPase, cellular kinases, and other pathway involved in proliferation and maintenance of internal homeostasis of T. evansi. These data imply that intervention with alternate strategies like nano-formulation, nano-carriers, and nano-delivery or identification of ivermectin homologs with low cytotoxicity and high bioavailability can be explored in the future as an alternate treatment for surra in animals. Graphical abstract

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Genome-Wide SNP Analysis Reveals Distinct Origins of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum

Cited by 40 publications

References 51 publications

Trypanozoma equiperdum bij het paard – een onbekende bedreiging?

Trypanozoma equiperdum bij het paard – een onbekende bedreiging?

Emerging challenges in understanding trypanosome antigenic variation

In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways

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