Genotyping ofCryptosporidiumSpecies and Their Clinical Manifestations in Patients with Renal Transplantation and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Abstract

In the present study we aimed to determine (i) frequency of Cryptosporidium species among patients with renal transplantation (RT) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and (ii) relationship of the nature, severity, and duration of symptoms with different species and load of Cryptosporidium. Stool samples from 70 (42 RT and 28 HIV) and 140 immunocompromised patients with and without cryptosporidiosis by modified Kinyoun's staining were subjected to qPCR-melting curve analysis for identification of parasite species. qPCR detected one microscopically negative sample to be positive for cryptosporidiosis. C. hominis, C. parvum, and mixed infection were detected in 50/71 (70.4%), 19/71 (26.8%), and 2/71 (2.8%) patients, respectively. Patients with cryptosporidiosis had higher stool frequency (median, IQR: 4, 3–6/d versus 3, 2–4/d; P = 0.017) and watery stool (52/71 [73%] versus 64/139 [46%]; P = 0.003). Parasite load (median, IQR: Log10 6.37 (5.65–7.12), Log10 5.81 (4.26–6.65); P = 0.046) and nausea/vomiting (29/50 [58%] versus 5/19 [26%]; P = 0.032) were more frequent with C. hominis than with C. parvum infection. Thus, Cryptosporidium spp. (mainly C. hominis) is a common cause of diarrhoea in RT and HIV patients.

First Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Patients Living with HIV in Honduras

“…To date, more than 20 species have been described, but C. hominis and C. parvum are the two most common in humans [ 14 , 15 ]. In this study, all four cases were caused by C. parvum .…”

“…A growing number of Cryptosporidium species have been reported to cause infection in humans and other vertebrate hosts [ 12 , 13 ]. The two most frequently reported species in humans and among PLHIV are C. hominis and C. parvum [ 14 , 15 ], but many other zoonotic species are also commonly found among immunocompromised patients [ 13 , 16 ]. Some authors suggest that the severity of the clinical manifestations of cryptosporidiosis could be associated with different species [ 17 ].…”

Prevalence and risk factors for cryptosporidiosis: a global, emerging, neglected zoonosis

“…C. hominis, C. parvum, and mixed infections were detected in 50/71 (70.4%), and this was associated with higher stool frequency and a watery stool. A high parasite loads, vomiting and nausea was more frequently associated with C. hominis than with C. parvum [80]. In the rural areas of Bangladesh, calf handlers showed a prevalence of 3.2% for Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Genotyping of Cryptosporidium species in children suffering from diarrhea in Sharkyia Governorate, Egypt

“…Conversely, Xiao and Feng [55] detected that the variety of the clinical presentations might be attributed to the diversity of Cryptosporidium genotypes. Dey et al [56] found that C. hominis infection was frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Insulander et al [57] noticed that individuals infected by C. parvum had diarrhea with a longer duration.…”