Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract Improves an Innate Immune Response of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

Sochocka, Marta; Ochnik, Michał; Sobczyński, Maciej; Gębura, Katarzyna; Zambrowicz, Aleksandra; Naporowski, Piotr; Leszek, Jerzy

doi:10.3390/nu14102022

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“… Primary bioactive compounds in Ginkgo biloba and their pharmacological effects (created with BioRender using information from [ 21 , 22 ]). Up and down arrows indicate the upregulation and downregulation of relevant biomarkers, respectively.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that EGb 761, a standardized extract that contains bilobalide, 24% flavone glycosides (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin), and 6% terpenes, increases the synthesis of INF-γ, while reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood leukocytes [ 22 ]. Docking simulations and inhibition kinetic studies have demonstrated that ginkgolic acids and bioflavonoids derived from Ginkgo biloba exhibit comparatively potent SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitory capabilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The active constituents of EGb include flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin), biflavones (sciadopitysin and ginkgetin), terpene trilactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide), and ginkgolic acids (alkylphenols); see Figure 2. Primary bioactive compounds in Ginkgo biloba and their pharmacological effects (created with BioRender using information from [21,22]). Up and down arrows indicate the upregulation and downregulation of relevant biomarkers, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy

Akanchise

Angelova

2023

Pharmaceutics

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Coronavirus infections are neuroinvasive and can provoke injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and long-term illness consequences. They may be associated with inflammatory processes due to cellular oxidative stress and an imbalanced antioxidant system. The ability of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such as Ginkgo biloba, to alleviate neurological complications and brain tissue damage has attracted strong ongoing interest in the neurotherapeutic management of long COVID. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb) contains several bioactive ingredients, e.g., bilobalide, quercetin, ginkgolides A–C, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. They have various pharmacological and medicinal effects, including memory and cognitive improvement. Ginkgo biloba, through its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, impacts cognitive function and other illness conditions like those in long COVID. While preclinical research on the antioxidant therapies for neuroprotection has shown promising results, clinical translation remains slow due to several challenges (e.g., low drug bioavailability, limited half-life, instability, restricted delivery to target tissues, and poor antioxidant capacity). This review emphasizes the advantages of nanotherapies using nanoparticle drug delivery approaches to overcome these challenges. Various experimental techniques shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress response in the nervous system and help comprehend the pathophysiology of the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To develop novel therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, several methods for mimicking oxidative stress conditions have been used (e.g., lipid peroxidation products, mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, and models of ischemic brain damage). We hypothesize the beneficial effects of EGb in the neurotherapeutic management of long-term COVID-19 symptoms, evaluated using either in vitro cellular or in vivo animal models of oxidative stress.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy

Akanchise

Angelova

2023

Pharmaceutics

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“…In studies on the influence of ginkgo on the functioning of the nervous system, mainly ginkgo leaf extracts were used [ 3 , 140 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 ], less often tablets [ 176 , 177 ]. The use of all these types of preparations was conducive to the reduction of inflammatory processes within the nervous system [ 128 , 170 ], the number of nerve cells subject to damage and apoptosis [ 169 , 173 ] and the improvement of blood circulation within the cerebral vessels [ 171 ].…”

Section: Pharmacological Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds—A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

2023

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Ginkgo biloba is a relict tree species showing high resistance to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Its fruits and leaves have high medicinal value due to the presence of flavonoids, terpene trilactones and phenolic compounds. However, ginkgo seeds contain toxic and allergenic alkylphenols. The publication revises the latest research results (mainly from 2018–2022) regarding the chemical composition of extracts obtained from this plant and provides information on the use of extracts or their selected ingredients in medicine and food production. A very important section of the publication is the part in which the results of the review of patents concerning the use of Ginkgo biloba and its selected ingredients in food production are presented. Despite the constantly growing number of studies on its toxicity and interactions with synthetic drugs, its health-promoting properties are the reason for the interest of scientists and motivation to create new food products.

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“…In a Phase II study, a significant drug-placebo difference in the ADAS-Cog12 favoring GV-971 was present [ 172 ]. Ginkgo Biloba has been related to an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect [ 173 ]. Furthermore, Ginkgo Biloba manifested a beneficial effect on the circulatory system (blood flow improvement, reduced platelet aggregation, reinforcing the walls of the capillaries), reducing one of the most important comorbidities associated with AD [ 174 ].…”

Section: Inflammation and Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Symptomatic and Disease-Modifying Therapy Pipeline for Alzheimer’s Disease: Towards a Personalized Polypharmacology Patient-Centered Approach

Morató

Pytel

Jofresa

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Since 1906, when Dr. Alois Alzheimer first described in a patient “a peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex”, people suffering from this pathology have been waiting for a breakthrough therapy. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder and the most common form of dementia in the elderly with a long presymptomatic phase. Worldwide, approximately 50 million people are living with dementia, with AD comprising 60–70% of cases. Pathologically, AD is characterized by the deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the neuropil (neuritic plaques) and blood vessels (amyloid angiopathy), and by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurons (neurofibrillary tangles) in the brain, with associated loss of synapses and neurons, together with glial activation, and neuroinflammation, resulting in cognitive deficits and eventually dementia. The current competitive landscape in AD consists of symptomatic treatments, of which there are currently six approved medications: three AChEIs (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine), one NMDA-R antagonist (memantine), one combination therapy (memantine/donepezil), and GV-971 (sodium oligomannate, a mixture of oligosaccharides derived from algae) only approved in China. Improvements to the approved therapies, such as easier routes of administration and reduced dosing frequencies, along with the developments of new strategies and combined treatments are expected to occur within the next decade and will positively impact the way the disease is managed. Recently, Aducanumab, the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) has been approved for AD, and several DMTs are in advanced stages of clinical development or regulatory review. Small molecules, mAbs, or multimodal strategies showing promise in animal studies have not confirmed that promise in the clinic (where small to moderate changes in clinical efficacy have been observed), and therefore, there is a significant unmet need for a better understanding of the AD pathogenesis and the exploration of alternative etiologies and therapeutic effective disease-modifying therapies strategies for AD. Therefore, a critical review of the disease-modifying therapy pipeline for Alzheimer’s disease is needed.

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Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract Improves an Innate Immune Response of Peripheral Blood Leukocytes of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy

Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy

The Potential of Ginkgo biloba as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds—A Review of the Recent Literature and Patents

Symptomatic and Disease-Modifying Therapy Pipeline for Alzheimer’s Disease: Towards a Personalized Polypharmacology Patient-Centered Approach

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