Ginsenoside Rg5:Rk1 attenuates TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced production of thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and LPS-induced NO production via downregulation of NF-κB/p38 MAPK/STAT1 signaling in human keratinocytes and macrophages

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Keratinocytes and macrophages are two cells types that play a pivotal role in the development of AD. These cells produced different chemokines and cytokines, especially thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), as well as nitric oxide (NO) through inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX2 in response to stimulation by TNF-α/IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) respectively. These mediators are thought to be crucial regulators of the pathogenesis of AD. Although several natural compounds to treat AD have been studied, the effect of Rg5:Rk1 from Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) on AD has not yet been investigated. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of Rg5:Rk1 on TNF-α/IFN-γ stimulated keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and LPS-stimulated macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data showed that pretreatment of HaCaT cells with Rg5:Rk1 significantly reduced the TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced increase in TARC/CCL17 expression in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Rg5:Rk1 decreased LPS-mediated nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in RAW 264.7 cells. A considerable reduction in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the aforementioned AD mediators was also observed. Pretreatment with Rg5:Rk1 attenuated the TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, STAT1, and NF-κB/IKKβ in HaCaT cells. Together, these findings suggest that ginsenoside Rg5:Rk1 may have a potential anti-AD effect by suppressing NF-κB/p38 MAPK/STAT1 signaling.

Biosynthesis, Characterization, and Bioactivities Evaluation of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Mediated by the Roots of Chinese Herbal Angelica pubescens Maxim

“…Similarly, the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in LPS (1 μg/ml)-induced RAW264.7 cells were conducted as previously described. [19]. …”

Coalescence of functional gold and monodisperse silver nanoparticles mediated by black <em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer root extract

“…Both cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Gibco-BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (WelGENE Inc., Daegu, Republic of Korea) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO 2 and 95% air. 36 The cytotoxicity of BG-AuNps and BGAgNps in HaCaT and MCF-7 cell lines was examined using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Life Technologies, Eugene, OR, USA) assay. Both cell lines were maintained in DMEM and seeded at a density of 1×10 4 cells per well in a 96-well plate (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY, USA) and then treated with different concentrations of BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps (0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) at 37°C for 72 hours at 90% confluency.…”

“…All experiments were performed in triplicates to check reproducibility, and their means ± standard errors were calculated. 36 reactive oxygen species (rOs) generation and hoechst nuclear staining…”

“…36 Briefly, MCF-7 cells were plated in a 12-well plate. After 24 hours of incubation, the cells were treated with different concentrations of BG-AuNps and BGAgNps for 48 hours.…”

In situ preparation of water-soluble ginsenoside Rh2-entrapped bovine serum albumin nanoparticles: in vitro cytocompatibility studies

“…In the nitric acid production assay, BSA-Rh2 NPs showed a higher inhibition of LPS-induced NO production as compared with standard Rh2 (Figure 10B). 33 This finding suggests that the BSA-Rh2 NPs have higher and enhanced anti-inflammatory efficacy as compared with standard Rh2. Nevertheless, Rh2 dissolved in DMSO also showed anticancer and antiinflammatory effects, but use of organic solvent DMSO as a solubilizing agent may lead to severe complications due to cytotoxic effects, and thereby, it is not suitable for clinical applications.…”