Ginsenoside Rh1 suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression through inhibition of activator protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Korean Ginseng Berry Fermented by Mycotoxin Non-producing <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i>: Ginsenoside Analyses and Anti-proliferative Activities

“…Ginsenoside cK was reputed to exert various activities including anti-diabetic 1,21) and anti-tumor [22][23][24][25] effects. Rh1 was also reported to show anti-cancer, 26) anti-allergy, 27) anti-obesity 28) and central nervous system protective activities.…”

Ginsenoside Rh1: A Systematic Review of Its Pharmacological Properties

“…G-Rh1 at the concentrations of 10 and 20 µM significantly attenuated the toxicity on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 60 µM of sixhydroxydopamine. This was partially because of the reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by G-Rh1 pretreatment, as could be seen in other cell lines such as HepG2, U87MG, U937, and THP-1 cells [21,23,30,40]. G-Rh1 increased the percentage of PC-12 cells with neurites compared to that of the control.…”

“…This compound has been additionally reported to effectively stimulate the central nervous system and enhance mental acuity and intellectual performance [20]. Several studies have shown that G-Rh1 possesses neuroprotective effects, potential antineoplastic effects, and the ability to be adjuvant therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases to dexamethasone [21][22][23]. Nonetheless, there is no critically evaluated review of the pharmacological effects of G-Rh1 based on summarizing the current reliable evidence.…”

“…Yoon et al [23] showed that G-Rh1 at concentrations of 50 and 100 µM possessed significant antimetastatic properties in HepG2 cells stimulated by PMA via inhibiting MMP-1 transcriptional activity, reducing expression and stability of the AP-1 dimer, c-Fos and c-Jun, and inhibiting MAPK signaling pathways. The mentioned molecular mechanism is somewhat different from that in human astroglioma U87MG and U373MG cells in which G-Rh1 inhibits the invasion and migration of PMA-simulated U87MG cells by suppression of all three types of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) and DNA binding activities of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 [30].…”

An aqueous extract from toad skin prevents gelatinase activities derived from fetal serum albumin and serum-free culture medium of human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells

“…Many of synthetic compounds, which mainly categorized into a zinc-binding group and a peptide-mimic group, act as competitive inhibitors against MMP activity (3,(28)(29)(30)(31). In contrast, many of naturally-occurring substances that can control MMP activity have a diversity in the structure including steroids, flavonoids, rotenoids, and terpenoids, and suppress expression of MMP gene by a regulation of signal transduction in cells (32)(33)(34)(35)(36). Although structural property and action mechanism to prevent gelatinase activity of the substance in toad skin extract have remained unknown, the substance, which is watersoluble and derived from natural product, might have novelty.…”