Global nitrogen and sulfur inventories for oceangoing ships

Corbett, James J.; Fischbeck, Paul S.; Pandis, Spyros N.

doi:10.1029/1998jd100040

Cited by 362 publications

(286 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Due to the low quality of the bunker fuel oil used for the propulsion of seagoing ships, the sulphur content is of the order of 4 wt.% (Corbett et al 1999). Thus, the ship plume is a source of SO 2 and other primary pollutants (NO x , hydrocarbons, CO, and CO 2 ) as well as aerosol particles (Corbett and Fishbeck 1997).…”

Section: Simultaneous Surface Co and So 2 Measurements On Gozomentioning

confidence: 99%

A 10-year study of background surface ozone concentrations on the island of Gozo in the Central Mediterranean

et al. 2008

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A 10-year study of surface ozone mixing ratios in the Central Mediterranean was conducted based on continuous ozone measurements from 1997 to 2006 by a background regional Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station on the island of Gozo. The mean annual maximum mixing ratio is of the order of 66 ppbv in April-May with a broad secondary maximum of 64 ppbv in July-September. No long-term increase or decrease in the background level of surface ozone could be observed over the last 10 years. This is contrary to observations made in the Eastern Mediterranean, where a slow decrease in the background ozone mixing ratio was observed over the past 7 years. Despite the very high average annual ozone mixing ratio exceeding 50 ppbv-in fact, the highest average background ozone mixing ratio ever measured in Europe-, the diurnal O 3 max /O 3 min index of <1.40 indicates that the island of Gozo is a good site for measuring background surface ozone. However, frequent photosmog events from June to September during the past 10 years with ozone mixing ratios exceeding 90 ppbv indicate that the Central Mediterranean is prone to long-range transport of air pollutants from Europe by northerly winds. This was particularly evident during the so-called "August heatwave" of the year 2003 when the overall ozone mixing ratio was 4.6 ppbv higher than the average of all other 9 months of August since 1997. Air mass back-trajectory analysis of the August 2003 photosmog episodes on Gozo confirmed that ozone pollution originated from the European continent. Regression analysis was used to analyse the 10-year data set in order to model the behaviour of the ozone mixing ratio in terms of the meteorological parameters of wind speed, relative humidity, global radiation, temperature, month of year, wind sector,

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Section: Simultaneous Surface Co and So 2 Measurements On Gozomentioning

confidence: 99%

A 10-year study of background surface ozone concentrations on the island of Gozo in the Central Mediterranean

et al. 2008

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“…Our Canadian and Mexican sulfur emissions are 1.2 and 1.3 Tg S yr À1 , respectively and are lower than those used in Park et al (2004) (2.0 and 1.9 Tg S yr À1 ). In addition, we include here a global SO 2 emission of 4.2 Tg S yr À1 from ships, following the spatially distributed inventory of Corbett et al (1999).…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule

Park

Jacob

Kumar

et al. 2006

Atmospheric Environment

225

186

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The Regional Haze Rule of the US Environmental Protection Agency mandates reduction in US anthropogenic emissions to achieve linear improvement of visibility in wilderness areas over the 2004-18 period toward an endpoint of natural visibility conditions by 2064. Linear improvement is to apply to the mean visibility degradation on the statistically 20% worst days, measured as a Haze Index in units of deciviews (log of aerosol extinction). We use a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) with 11 Â 11 horizontal resolution to simulate present-day visibility statistics in the USA, compare them to observations from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) surface network, and provide natural and background visibility statistics for application of the Regional Haze Rule. Background is defined by suppression of US anthropogenic emissions but allowance for present-day foreign emissions and associated import of pollution. Our model is highly successful at reproducing the observed variability of visibility statistics for present-day conditions, including the low tail of the frequency distribution that is most representative of natural or background conditions. We find considerable spatial and temporal variability in natural visibility over the USA, especially due to fires in the west. A major uncertainty in estimating natural visibility is the sensitivity of biogenic organic aerosol formation to the availability of preexisting anthropogenic aerosol. Background visibility is more variable than natural visibility and the 20% worst days show large contributions from Canadian and Mexican pollution. Asian pollution, while degrading mean background visibility, is relatively less important on the worst days. Recognizing the influence of uncontrollable transboundary pollution in the Regional Haze Rule would substantially decrease the schedule of emission reductions required in the 2004-18 implementation phase. Meaningful application of the Rule in the future will require projections of future trends in foreign anthropogenic emissions, wildfire frequency, and climate variables. r

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“…Investigation of individual plumes and characterisation of individual ship turbines have led to important advances, [106,107] and a number of modelling studies of the effects of ship plumes on climate and atmospheric chemistry have been carried out or are ongoing. [101,[108][109][110] These have been complemented by emissions inventories [101,111,112] and large scale assessments on climate, [113,114] health and mortality. [115] However, as yet no assessment has been carried out on the effects of deposition from ship plumes on ocean biogeochemistry.…”

Section: Atmospheric Nutrient Supply To the Surface Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science

Law¹,

Breviere²,

Leeuw³

et al. 2013

Environ. Chem.

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Environmental context. Understanding the exchange of energy, gases and particles at the ocean-atmosphere interface is critical for the development of robust predictions of, and response to, future climate change. The international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) coordinates multi-disciplinary oceanatmosphere research projects that quantify and characterise this exchange. This article details five new SOLAS research strategies -upwellings and associated oxygen minimum zones, sea ice, marine aerosols, atmospheric nutrient supply and ship emissions -that aim to improve knowledge in these critical areas.Abstract. This review focuses on critical issues in ocean-atmosphere exchange that will be addressed by new research strategies developed by the international Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) research community. Eastern boundary upwelling systems are important sites for CO 2 and trace gas emission to the atmosphere, and the proposed research will examine how heterotrophic processes in the underlying oxygen-deficient waters interact with the climate system. The second regional research focus will examine the role of sea-ice biogeochemistry and its interaction with atmospheric chemistry. Marine aerosols are the focus of a research theme directed at understanding the processes that determine their abundance, chemistry and radiative properties. A further area of aerosol-related research examines atmospheric nutrient deposition in the surface ocean, and how differences in origin, atmospheric processing and composition influence surface ocean biogeochemistry. Ship emissions are an increasing source of aerosols, nutrients and toxins to the atmosphere and ocean surface, and an emerging area of research will examine their effect on ocean biogeochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. The primary role of SOLAS is to coordinate coupled multi-disciplinary research within research strategies that address these issues, to achieve robust representation of critical ocean-atmosphere exchange processes in Earth System models.

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Global nitrogen and sulfur inventories for oceangoing ships

Cited by 362 publications

References 12 publications

A 10-year study of background surface ozone concentrations on the island of Gozo in the Central Mediterranean

A 10-year study of background surface ozone concentrations on the island of Gozo in the Central Mediterranean

Regional visibility statistics in the United States: Natural and transboundary pollution influences, and implications for the Regional Haze Rule

Evolving research directions in Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere (SOLAS) science

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