Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals

Han, Barbara A.; Kramer, Andrew M.; Drake, John M.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.007

Cited by 392 publications

(407 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…We used 176 species, belonging to 16 families in seven orders (six orders of ungulates, one order of carnivores). We focused on ungulates and carnivores as disease dynamics are largely determined by interactions between sympatric species, and ungulates and carnivores are most phylogenetically and ecologically related to livestock (Han, Kramer, & Drake, ; Kock, ; Wiethoelter et al, ). In addition, we excluded rodents from our analyses because relatively few notifiable diseases are hosted by this group (4 of 19 diseases for disease occurrence; 11 of 71 for disease richness).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic structure of wildlife assemblages shapes patterns of infectious livestock diseases in Africa

et al. 2019

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Host species diversity can affect disease risk, but the precise nature of this effect is disputed. To date, most studies on the diversity–disease relationships have focused on host species richness and single diseases, ignoring phylogenetic diversity and disease richness. We first evaluated the effects of wildlife assemblage variables (i.e. species richness of wild ungulates and carnivores, phylogenetic structure) and livestock host density on the regional occurrence of 19 individual livestock diseases in Africa. We then explored the relationships between wildlife assemblage variables and the total disease burden (measured as disease richness) at regional scale across the entire continent of Africa. Our results suggest that wild ungulate and carnivore species richness had a positive relationship with disease richness, but no relationship with disease occurrence. When controlling for host species richness, standardized phylogenetic divergence was negatively correlated with both disease richness and disease occurrence while standardized phylogenetic richness was positively correlated with disease occurrences. Our results suggest that the phylogenetic structure of the surrounding wildlife assemblage can shape patterns of livestock diseases in Africa. Species richness alone is apparently inadequate for analyses of disease–diversity relationships, and this shortfall might partly account for current disagreements over the importance of the dilution effect. Future studies on this topic should strive to include parameters that take host phylogeny into account. A plain language summary is available for this article.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic structure of wildlife assemblages shapes patterns of infectious livestock diseases in Africa

et al. 2019

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“…Given that parasite species are dependent on free‐living species diversity, will the resulting changes to host species distributions enforce macroecological rules? Addressing these questions will facilitate further understanding of global parasite diversity patterns, helping to identify hotspots of parasite diversity (Han et al, ; Harris & Dunn, ), and potentially even promoting the conservation and management of parasitic species.…”

Section: Implications Of Helminth Macroecological Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gauging support for macroecological patterns in helminth parasites

Dallas

Aguirre

Budischak

et al. 2018

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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Aim To explore spatial patterns of helminth parasite diversity, and to investigate three main macroecological patterns – (a) latitude–diversity relationships, (b) positive scaling between parasite and host diversity, and (c) species–area relationships – using a largely underutilized global database of helminth parasite occurrence records. Location Global. Methods We examined the London Natural History Museum’s collection of helminth parasite occurrence records, consisting of over 18,000 unique host species and 27,000 unique helminth parasite species distributed across over 350 distinct terrestrial and aquatic localities. Results We find support for latitudinal gradients in parasite diversity and a strong relationship between host and parasite diversity at the global scale. Helminth species diversity–area relationships were not detectable as a function of host body mass, but larger geographic areas supported higher parasite richness, potentially mediated through higher host richness. Main conclusions Our findings indicate that helminth parasites may obey some of the macroecological relationships found in free‐living species, suggesting that parasites may offer further support for the generality of these patterns, while offering interesting counterexamples for others. We conclude with a discussion of future directions and potential challenges in the newly emerging macroecology of infectious disease.

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“…Predicting parasite spread requires an understanding of host attributes that enable host shifting (Krasnov et al 2010, Wells et al 2015, Han et al 2016. Notably, if host shifting among intermediate hosts is largely a consequence of sharing the same definitive host predator, attributes that successfully predict infection risk can be linked to a suite of factors that facilitate parasite survival and transmission from intermediate host species (i.e.…”

Section: Host Attributes Driving Association Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global patterns in helminth host specificity: phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional host species pools matter

2018

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Host specificity has a major influence on a parasite's ability to shift between human and animal host species. Yet there is a dearth of quantitative approaches to explore variation in host specificity across biogeographical scales, particularly in response to the varying community compositions of potential hosts. We built a global dataset of intermediate host associations for nine of the world's most widespread helminth parasites (all of which infect humans). Using hierarchical models, we asked if realised parasite host specificity varied in response to regional variation in the phylogenetic and functional diversities of potential host species. Parasites were recorded in 4-10 zoogeographical regions, with some showing considerable geographical variation in observed versus expected host specificity. Parasites generally exhibited the lowest phylogenetic host specificity in regions with the greatest variation in prospective host phylogenetic diversity, namely the Neotropical, Saharo-Arabian and Australian regions. Globally, we uncovered notable variation in parasite host shifting potential. Observed host assemblages for Hydatigera taeniaeformis and Hymenolepis diminuta were less phylogenetically diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to spillover into unrelated hosts. Host assemblages for Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides lineatus and Trichinella spiralis were less functionally diverse than expected, suggesting limited potential to shift across host ecological niches. By contrast, Hyd. taeniaeformis infected a higher functional diversity of hosts than expected, indicating strong potential to shift across hosts with different ecological niches. We show that the realised phylogenetic and functional diversities of infected hosts are determined by biogeographical gradients in prospective host species pools. These findings emphasise the need to account for underlying species diversity when assessing parasite host specificity. Our framework to identify variation in realised host specificity is broadly applicable to other host-parasite systems and will provide key insights into parasite invasion potential at regional and global scales.

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Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals

Cited by 392 publications

References 81 publications

Phylogenetic structure of wildlife assemblages shapes patterns of infectious livestock diseases in Africa

Phylogenetic structure of wildlife assemblages shapes patterns of infectious livestock diseases in Africa

Gauging support for macroecological patterns in helminth parasites

Global patterns in helminth host specificity: phylogenetic and functional diversity of regional host species pools matter

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