Global Screening for Human Viral Pathogens

Anderson, Norman G.; Gerin, John L.; Anderson, N. Leigh

doi:10.3201/eid0907.030004

Cited by 39 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It has promoted the characterization of viral community diversity. Viral metagenomics has already been successfully applied to the exploration of modern environmental specimens sampled from marine water, freshwater, stromatolites and thrombolites, and soil (1)(2)(3)(4) and to modern human-associated specimens collected from the liver, blood, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and stool (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). The DNA viromes generated from modern stools have been demonstrated to be dominated by bacteriophages (10,11) and to be less diverse than environmental samples (8,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in a 14th-Century Coprolite

Appelt

Fancello

Bailly

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Coprolites are fossilized fecal material that can reveal information about ancient intestinal and environmental microbiota. Viral metagenomics has allowed systematic characterization of viral diversity in environmental and human-associated specimens, but little is known about the viral diversity in fossil remains. Here, we analyzed the viral community of a 14th-century coprolite from a closed barrel in a Middle Ages site in Belgium using electron microscopy and metagenomics. Viruses that infect eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea were detected, and we confirmed the presence of some of them by ad hoc suicide PCR. The coprolite DNA viral metagenome was dominated by sequences showing homologies to phages commonly found in modern stools and soil. Although their phylogenetic compositions differed, the metabolic functions of the viral communities have remained conserved across centuries. Antibiotic resistance was one of the reconstructed metabolic functions detected. V iral metagenomics is a sequencing-based analysis of all of viral genomes isolated from a sample. It has promoted the characterization of viral community diversity. Viral metagenomics has already been successfully applied to the exploration of modern environmental specimens sampled from marine water, freshwater, stromatolites and thrombolites, and soil (1-4) and to modern human-associated specimens collected from the liver, blood, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and stool (5-9). The DNA viromes generated from modern stools have been demonstrated to be dominated by bacteriophages (10, 11) and to be less diverse than environmental samples (8,12).Viral metagenomics does not require culturing viruses or a priori knowledge of the sequences that will be targeted, which allows for the identification of new, unknown or unexpected viruses and for the global assessment of the virome. Viral metagenomics is thus particularly suitable for paleomicrobiological studies, as little is known about which viruses are characteristic of ancient specimens. Indeed, the majority of ancient DNA (aDNA) studies are based on the analysis of human and bacterial aDNA (13-15), and viral persistence and its detectability in ancient specimens remain unclear. Electron microscopy has previously revealed that viral particles can persist for over 400 years, but their viability was lost (16). Moreover, PCR amplifications yielded positive results for viral aDNA in ancient specimens, such as mummified soft tissues, bones, and teeth. The amplification products varied between 100 and 570 bp in size, which indicated that viral aDNA can be detected for at least 1,500 years (17-20).Here, we used electron microscopy and, for what may be the first time, viral metagenomics to characterize the viral community of an ancient stool specimen. A viral DNA metagenome was generated from a 14th-century coprolite sample that was recovered from a Middle Ages site in Namur, Belgium. MATERIALS AND METHODSVLP isolation, TEM, and DNA extraction. First, 5.8 g of the interior of the coprolite was aseptically removed and solubi...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in a 14th-Century Coprolite

Appelt

Fancello

Bailly

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…They must have faced early on simultaneous and multiple threats to their individuality under the form of various pathogens, parasites, bacteria and viruses, animals from the same species [2,3]. To protect themselves from these multiple challenges Metazoa must have therefore developed almost simultaneously, multiple, rapid, different and efficient immune pathways using different recognition structures.…”

Section: Receptors: Many Families Of Genes and Their Recruitment In Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germline and somatic diversification of immune recognition elements in Metazoa

Pasquier

2006

Immunology Letters

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“…For example, the discipline of virology has largely focused on viruses that cause overt pathogenesis, but the viral ecosphere is populated largely by apathogenic members that still remain to be discovered. Indeed, there are proposals to fully define the complete human "virome," or the summated sequences of all viruses that are present in the human population (180), and such genomic mining will likely uncover an even greater armamentarium of viral immunoregulators.…”

Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secreted Immunomodulatory Viral Proteins as Novel Biotherapeutics

Lucas

McFadden

2004

The Journal of Immunology

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Many viruses have learned to evade or subvert the host antiviral immune responses by encoding and expressing immunomodulatory proteins that protect the virus from attack by elements of the innate and acquired immune systems. Some of these viral anti-immune regulators are expressed as secreted proteins that engage specific host immune targets in the extracellular environment, where they exhibit potent anti-immune properties. We review here viral immunomodulatory proteins that have been tested as anti-inflammatory reagents in animal models of disease caused by excessive inflammation or hyperactivated immune pathways. The potential for such viral molecules for the development of novel drugs to treat immune-based or inflammatory disorders is discussed.

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Global Screening for Human Viral Pathogens

Cited by 39 publications

References 28 publications

Viruses in a 14th-Century Coprolite

Viruses in a 14th-Century Coprolite

Germline and somatic diversification of immune recognition elements in Metazoa

Secreted Immunomodulatory Viral Proteins as Novel Biotherapeutics

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