“…DNA biosensors have applications in the fields of molecular diagnostics (Tiwari et al , 2010; Dreaden et al , 2012), pharmacogenomics (Palecek and Bartosik, 2012; Dey and Goswami, 2011), medical diagnosis (Tereshchenko et al , 2016; Ronkainen and Okon, 2014), drug screening (Wang et al , 2012; Nick et al , 2015; Ciani et al , 2012), food analysis (Kiran and Misra, 2015; Patel et al , 2016), bioterrorism (Zuo et al , 2009; Sipova and Homola, 2013), environmental monitoring (Patel et al , 2016; March et al , 2015; Oliveira and Oliveira-Brett, 2012), pollution (Palchetti and Mascini, 2008; Matranga and Corsi, 2012; Lacroix et al , 2014), etc. Research in the biomedical and biological field has increased by the development of new generations of chips to perform the DNA sequencing (Periasamy et al , 2016; Southey et al , 2013).…”