Going, Toll-like receptors in skin inflammation and inflammatory diseases

Kumar, Vijay

doi:10.17179/excli2020-3114

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 220 publications

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“…Moreover, CBG has previously been reported to activate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a key pain and inflammation target [56], and to confer anti-inflammatory effects via the modulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-3 and 4 (TRPV-3 and TRPV-4) [57]. As reported here, CBG and CBD both successfully inhibit C. acnes-TLR-2-induced inflammation in keratinocytes (Figure 2b), suggesting a possible role of cannabinoids in modulating TLR signaling, which is also an emerging dermatological target [31]. This is further supported by reports of CB1 being critical for the innate immune response of TLR-4 [58] and cannabinoids shown to modulate TLR-3 signaling [59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Therefore, we performed a proof-of-concept inflammation clinical study via a third-party contract research organization (Princeton Consumer Research). This single-blind clinical study was performed in 20 healthy male Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical in regulating the innate immune response to pathogens in skin, and TLR-2 signaling has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of several dermatological conditions including acne [31]. While the pathogenesis of acne has yet to be fully understood, the Gram-positive bacterium Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has been identified as a key player for this inflammatory skin condition [32] and activation of TLR-2 by C. acnes has been reported to trigger inflammatory cytokine responses in acne [33].…”

Section: Cbg Improves Skin Barrier Function and Reduces The Appearance Of Redness In Human Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

et al. 2022

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Cannabigerol (CBG) is a minor non-psychoactive cannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa L. (C. sativa) at low levels (<1% per dry weight) that serves as the direct precursor to both cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Consequently, efforts to extract and purify CBG from C. sativa is both challenging and expensive. However, utilizing a novel yeast fermentation technology platform, minor cannabinoids such as CBG can be produced in a more sustainable, cost-effective, and timely process as compared to plant-based production. While CBD has been studied extensively, demonstrating several beneficial skin properties, there are a paucity of studies characterizing the activity of CBG in human skin. Therefore, our aim was to characterize and compare the in vitro activity profile of non-psychoactive CBG and CBD in skin and be the first group to test CBG clinically on human skin. Gene microarray analysis conducted using 3D human skin equivalents demonstrates that CBG regulates more genes than CBD, including several key skin targets. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were exposed in culture to pro-inflammatory inducers to trigger cytokine production and oxidative stress. Results demonstrate that CBG and CBD reduce reactive oxygen species levels in HDFs better than vitamin C. Moreover, CBG inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine (Interleukin-1β, -6, -8, tumor necrosis factor α) release from several inflammatory inducers, such as ultraviolet A (UVA), ultraviolet B (UVB), chemical, C. acnes, and in several instances does so more potently than CBD. A 20-subject vehicle-controlled clinical study was performed with 0.1% CBG serum and placebo applied topically for 2 weeks after sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS)-induced irritation. CBG serum showed statistically significant improvement above placebo for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and reduction in the appearance of redness. Altogether, CBG’s broad range of in vitro and clinical skin health-promoting activities demonstrates its strong potential as a safe, effective ingredient for topical use and suggests there are areas where it may be more effective than CBD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Cbg Improves Skin Barrier Function and Reduces The Appearance Of Redness In Human Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

et al. 2022

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“…TLRs trigger pro-inflammatory responses, promote immune cell recruitment and antigen presentation and thus participate in local immune responses ( 83 ). They are expressed in most inflammatory cells of the skin, such as macrophages and DCs, and have been demonstrated in keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and other non-inflammatory cells ( 84 ). Epidermal keratinocytes have been shown to express TLR-1 through 6, TLR-9, and TLR-10, and fibroblasts express TLR-1 through 10 ( 6 ).…”

Section: Role Of Non-inflammatory Cells In the Inflammatory Microenvi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Microenvironment of Skin Wounds

et al. 2022

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Wound healing is a dynamic and highly regulated process that can be separated into three overlapping and interdependent phases: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. This review focuses on the inflammation stage, as it is the key stage of wound healing and plays a vital role in the local immune response and determines the progression of wound healing. Inflammatory cells, the main effector cells of the inflammatory response, have been widely studied, but little attention has been paid to the immunomodulatory effects of wound healing in non-inflammatory cells and the extracellular matrix. In this review, we attempt to deepen our understanding of the wound-healing microenvironment in the inflammatory stage by focusing on the interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix, as well as their role in regulating the immune response during the inflammatory stage. We hope our findings will provide new ideas for promoting tissue regeneration through immune regulation.

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“… 6 It is well established that TLRs are expressed in a variety of immune/inflammatory cells and associated with different infectious and immune‐mediated diseases. 7 Among ten functional TLRs, TLR4 has been shown to be linked to atopic diseases including AD through mediating pro‐inflammatory signals and immune intervention. 7 Panzer et al 8 reported that the expression of TLR4 increased gradually from the basement layer to the upper stratum spinosum, including the granular layer in AD patients, while it was mainly located in the basement layer in normal skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 7 Among ten functional TLRs, TLR4 has been shown to be linked to atopic diseases including AD through mediating pro‐inflammatory signals and immune intervention. 7 Panzer et al 8 reported that the expression of TLR4 increased gradually from the basement layer to the upper stratum spinosum, including the granular layer in AD patients, while it was mainly located in the basement layer in normal skin. Moreover, the level of TLR4 expression in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with AD was higher than that of healthy subjects regardless of the severity of the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR4 polymorphisms as potential predictors of atopic dermatitis in Chinese Han children

Shi

Tao

et al. 2022

Clinical Laboratory Analysis

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Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, adversely affecting 10%-20% of the pediatric population worldwide. 1 The disorder, characterized by intense itching and recurrent eczematous lesions, seriously reduces pediatric patients' quality of life and increases health care burden. 2,3 Although the exact pathophysiology of AD remains unclear, genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and epidermal barrier dysfunction have been thought to be the critical factors in the pathogenesis and development of AD. 1,4,5

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Going, Toll-like receptors in skin inflammation and inflammatory diseases

Cited by 15 publications

References 220 publications

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

In Vitro and Clinical Evaluation of Cannabigerol (CBG) Produced via Yeast Biosynthesis: A Cannabinoid with a Broad Range of Anti-Inflammatory and Skin Health-Boosting Properties

Inflammatory Microenvironment of Skin Wounds

TLR4 polymorphisms as potential predictors of atopic dermatitis in Chinese Han children

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