Gold Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Phenolic Antioxidants Detection: Recent Advances

Abstract

Antioxidants play a central role in the development and production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, to reduce oxidative processes in the human body. Among them, phenolic antioxidants are considered even more efficient than other antioxidants. They are divided into natural and synthetic. The natural antioxidants are generally found in plants and their synthetic counterparts are generally added as preventing agents of lipid oxidation during the processing and storage of fats, oils, and lipid-containing foods: All of them can exhibit different effects on human health, which are not always beneficial. Because of their relevant bioactivity and importance in several sectors, such as agro-food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic, it is crucial to have fast and reliable analysis Rmethods available. In this review, different examples of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors used for the rapid and selective detection of phenolic compounds are analyzed and discussed, evidencing the important role of gold nanomaterials, and including systems with or without specific recognition elements, such as biomolecules, enzymes, etc. Moreover, a selection of gold nanomaterials involved in the designing of this kind of (bio)sensor is reported and critically analyzed. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting phenolic antioxidants are discussed.

High-Throughput Color Imaging Hg2+ Sensing via Amalgamation-Mediated Shape Transition of Concave Cube Au Nanoparticles

“…In the presence of AA and Hg 2+ , the absorption peak of concave cubic Au nanoparticles solution exhibited a blue shift and was located at 370 nm ( Figure 1 A, the green curve). The blue shift is mainly due to the adsorption of Hg 0 onto Au nanoparticles surfaces that alter the surrounding dielectric constant [ 24 ]. We demonstrated for the first time that the LSPR of Au–Hg amalgamates below 400 nm.…”

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensing Strategies for Food Allergen Detection

“…Nanomaterials and nanostructures play a significant role in designing and improving the electrochemical biosensor performances introducing several peculiar functionalities on the electrodic surface and taking advantage from their high surface-to-volume ratio [ 18 , 44 , 45 ]. As a general comment, nanomaterials and nanostructures can be assumed to integrate at the nanoscale level the properties of the macroscopic electrodes.…”

“…Nanoparticles are the most common examples of 0-D nanomaterials, i.e., they represent nanomaterials with all the dimensions in the nanoscale. Gold nanoparticles were widely used, because the corresponding synthesis processes are well established and easier to perform, in addition to their biocompatibility, stability, conductivity, and their high surface-to-volume ratio [ 44 , 45 ].…”

“…CNTs present several properties associated with their structure, functionality, morphology, and flexibility and can be classified as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) depending on the number of graphite layers. The chemical functionalities for their application in biosensing can easily be performed through the tubular structure modification [ 45 ], for promoting the electron transfer between BREs and the electrodic surface.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Functionalized Bi2S3/Ti3C2TX MXene Nanocomposites for Photoelectrochemical/Electrochemical Dual-Mode Sensing of Chlorogenic Acid

“…Generally speaking, the core element of the sensor includes materials and recognition probes. For a PEC signal, it is efficient photoelectric conversion based on photosensitive material [13], i.e., hollow In 2 O 3 -In 2 S 3 [14], AuNPs/Cs 3 Bi 2 Br 9 QDs/BiOBr [15] and In 2 S 3 /WO 3 heterojunction [16] presented efficient PEC performance for biosensors, whereas for an EC signal, suitable electrocatalytic materials can obtain a sensing model with high sensitivity [17], such as Au-Based nanocomposites [18], two-dimensional nanomaterials [19] and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [20]. Therefore, the selection of materials with high photosensitivity, conductivity and electrocatalytic properties is crucial to the development of PEC-EC dual-mode sensors for the ideal signals acquisition.…”