Gold Nanorods in Photodynamic Therapy, as Hyperthermia Agents, and in Near‐Infrared Optical Imaging

Kuo, Wen Shuo; Chang, Chich Neng; Chang, Yi; Yang, Meng Heng; Chien, Yi Hsin; Chen, Shean-Jen; Yeh, Chen Sheng

doi:10.1002/anie.200906927

Cited by 292 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Examples include a ZnPc-encapsulated carbon nanohorn 35 and an indocyanine greenconjugated gold nanorod. 36 Interestingly, the ZnPc NW shows both PD and PT effects upon NIR illumination. The PD activity of ZnPc NW is proven by detecting ROS generated from human epidermoid mouth carcinoma KB cells containing ZnPc NWs upon illumination with NIR (l ¼ 808 nm) laser light.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy

et al. 2012

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The phototherapy is one of the widely accepted noninvasive clinical methodologies to eradicate cancer cells owing to its minimal side effects and high selectivity to the light of specific wavelength. As represented by photodynamic (PD) and photothermal (PT) therapy, the phototherapy requires light and photosensitizer to generate reactive oxygen species and heat, respectively. Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is one of the promising photosensitizers as it has a strong absorption cross-section in the spectral range of 650-900 nm that guarantees maximum tissue penetration. One critical issue in using Pc molecule, including ZnPc as a biocompatible sensitizer is the poor water solubility. To increase water solubility, various chemical modifications inducing hydrophilicity have been widely attempted to introduce various functional groups in the ZnPc backbone. We report that ZnPc nanowires (NWs) directly grown from ZnPc powder by vaporization-condensation-recrystallization process show surprisingly increased water dispersibility without any functionalization. The ZnPc NW solution exhibits highly efficient dual PD and PT effects upon the irradiation of near infrared (808 nm) laser. The dual phototherapeutic effect of ZnPc NW is proven to enhance cytotoxic efficiency according to both in vitro and in vivo experimental results. NPG Asia Materials (2012) 4, e12; doi:10.1038/am.2012.22; published online 13 April 2012Keywords: nanowire; photosensitizer; phototherapy; Zinc phthalocyanine INTRODUCTION Phototherapy, represented by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is an advanced modality for the treatment of malignant tumors as it is widely used for clinical cancer treatments. PDT selectively destroys neoplastic lesions using cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by light activation of the photosensitizer. 1,2 One of the crucial factors determining the PDT efficacy is the photochemical and photophysical properties of the photosensitizer. 3,4 Currently, four main classes of photosensitizer, such as porphyrin derivatives, chlorins, porphycenes, and phthalocyanines (Pcs), have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for clinical applications against cancer. 5,6 Among these, metallo-phthalocyanine has attracted considerable interest, having a photodynamic (PD) property that can be readily tuned by the type of central metal ion and the functional groups introduced as a Pc ring substituent. Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) is known to exhibit a high PD effect as it possesses a diamagnetic Zn(II) central metal ion whose d shell is fully occupied, by which the yield of triplet excited state with long lifetime essential for the generation of ROS becomes high. 7 Moreover, ZnPc has

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy

et al. 2012

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“…This absorbance peak was caused by transverse surface plasma absorption of GNPs. Moreover, longitudinal surface plasma absorption of ∼700 nm did not exist, 30 demonstrating that the majority of the GNPs were uniform sphere-like particles. 31 However, when the molar concentration of BPEI was increased to eight times that of HAuCl 4 , the absorbance peak showed a significant red shift, far away from the characteristic absorption peak of GNPs.…”

Section: Characterization Of Cationic Gnpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of light irradiation upon photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid–gold nanoparticle conjugates in K562 cells via singlet oxygen generation

Liu²,

Mei³

et al. 2012

IJN

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Purpose: As a precursor of the potent photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), was conjugated onto cationic gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods: Cationic GNPs reduced by branched polyethyleneimine and 5-ALA were conjugated onto the cationic GNPs by creating an electrostatic interaction at physiological pH. The efficacy of ALA-GNP conjugates in PDT was investigated under irradiation with a mercury lamp (central wavelength of 395 nm) and three types of light-emitting diode arrays (central wavelengths of 399, 502, and 621 nm, respectively). The impacts of GNPs on PDT were then analyzed by measuring the intracellular PpIX levels in K562 cells and the singlet oxygen yield of PpIX under irradiation. Results: The 2 mM ALA-GNP conjugates showed greater cytotoxicity against K562 cells than ALA alone. Light-emitting diode (505 nm) irradiation of the conjugates caused a level of K562 cell destruction similar to that with irradiation by a mercury lamp, although it had no adverse effects on drug-free control cells. These results may be attributed to the singlet oxygen yield of PpIX, which can be enhanced by GNPs. Conclusion: Under irradiation with a suitable light source, ALA-GNP conjugates can effectively destroy K562 cells. The technique offers a new strategy of PDT.

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“…Nanomaterials are of great interest for biomedical applications as imaging probes, [1][2][3][4] phototherapy agents, 5 and drug delivery carriers. 6 Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) functionalized with biomarker targeting ligands offer promising applications as novel and more sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancing agents for biomarker-specific and noninvasive detection of cancers as well as image-guided drug delivery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-HER2 antibody and ScFvEGFR-conjugated antifouling magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeting and magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer

Chen¹,

Wang²,

Yu³

et al. 2013

IJN

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Gold Nanorods in Photodynamic Therapy, as Hyperthermia Agents, and in Near‐Infrared Optical Imaging

Cited by 292 publications

References 50 publications

Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy

Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy

Effects of light irradiation upon photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid–gold nanoparticle conjugates in K562 cells via singlet oxygen generation

Anti-HER2 antibody and ScFvEGFR-conjugated antifouling magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeting and magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer

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Gold Nanorods in Photodynamic Therapy, as Hyperthermia Agents, and in Near‐Infrared Optical Imaging

Cited by 292 publications

References 50 publications

Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy

Significant increase in the water dispersibility of zinc phthalocyanine nanowires and applications in cancer phototherapy

Effects of light irradiation upon photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid&ndash;gold nanoparticle conjugates in K562 cells via singlet oxygen generation

Anti-HER2 antibody and ScFvEGFR-conjugated antifouling magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for targeting and magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer

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Effects of light irradiation upon photodynamic therapy based on 5-aminolevulinic acid–gold nanoparticle conjugates in K562 cells via singlet oxygen generation