Gonadal effects on food intake and adiposity: A metabolic hypothesis

Wade, George N.; Gray, Janet

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(79)90028-3

Cited by 425 publications

(207 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…Original magnification, ϫ400. body weights were increased in the OVX animal group compared with Intact and estrogen-replaced animals as found by other investigators (47,48).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Glomerulosclerosis and Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis are Attenuated with 17β-Estradiol in the Aging Dahl Salt Sensitive Rat

Maric¹,

Sandberg²,

Hinojosa‐Laborde³

2004

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

191

136

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Abstract. This study examined the effects of estrogen deficiency by ovariectomy (OVX) and 17␤-estradiol (E 2 ) replacement (OVXϩE 2 ) on glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the mechanisms contributing to these changes, including expression of collagen type IV and laminin, transforming growth factor-␤ (TGF-␤), and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the kidneys of young (4 mo [4M]) and aged (12 mo [12M]) Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats maintained on a low-salt (0.1% NaCl) diet. While normal renal morphology was observed in the 4M rats in all treatment groups, moderate to severe glomerulosclerosis (glomerulosclerotic index [GSI]: 4M, 0.22 Ϯ 0.09 versus 12M, 1.43 Ϯ 0.17; P Ͻ 0.001) and cortical tubulointerstitial fibrosis (CTIFI: 4M, 0 versus 12M, 57.1 Ϯ 4.9; P Ͻ 0.01) was observed in the 12M rats. The severity of glomerulosclerosis and cortical tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the 12M group was augmented with OVX (GSI, 3.27 Ϯ 0.34; CTIFI, 74.4 Ϯ 9.2; P Ͻ 0.01 versus Intact at 12M) and attenuated with E 2 replacement ([GSI], 1.09 Ϯ 0.09; CTIFI, 49.2 Ϯ 6.8). In the 12M animals, OVX was also associated with increased deposition and expression of laminin (Intact, 228.1 Ϯ 6.7; OVX, 277.4 Ϯ 9.6 AU; P Ͻ 0.01), increased expression of TGF-␤ (Intact, 85.0 Ϯ 23.0; OVX, 178.0 Ϯ 20.5 AU; P Ͻ 0.001), and decreased activity of cortical MMP-9 (Intact, 3.8 Ϯ 0.8; OVX, 2.4 Ϯ 0.6 AUC; P Ͻ 0.01). E 2 replacement opposed these effects (laminin, 229.9 Ϯ 6.2 AU; TGF-␤, 101.3 Ϯ 25.2 AU; MMP-9, 5.2 Ϯ 0.2 AUC). The severity of the disease in the 12M rats correlated with a modest decrease in creatinine clearance (Intact, 0.26 Ϯ 0.01; OVX, 0.22 Ϯ 0.01; OVXϩE 2 , 0.28 Ϯ 0.01 mg/min per 100 g) and increase in BUN (Intact, 20.3 Ϯ 2.1; OVX, 32.6 Ϯ 5.1; OVXϩE 2 , 24.3 Ϯ 2.4 mg/dl). The authors conclude that E 2 is renoprotective in the aging DSS rat by attenuating glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.The rate of progression of cardiovascular and renal disease and hypertension increases with age and is lower in premenopausal women compared with age-matched men (1-3). Interestingly, a re-evaluation of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study showed that the differences in the rate of decline of renal function between men and women is reduced after age 52 yr (their dividing point) (4), suggesting that menopause may affect the progression of renal disease in women; however, no studies to date have clearly demonstrated this point, suggesting that our understanding of the contribution of ovarian hormones to the development of age-related disease processes remains unclear. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) reported that hormone replacement therapy with the estrogen-progesterone combination Prempro (conjugated equine estrogen and progestin) causes a slight increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease in a large population of postmenopausal women (5,6). However, numerous studies indicate that estrogen alone has cardiovascular protective effects. Estrogen improves serum lipid levels, increases end...

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“…Original magnification, ϫ400. body weights were increased in the OVX animal group compared with Intact and estrogen-replaced animals as found by other investigators (47,48).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Glomerulosclerosis and Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis are Attenuated with 17β-Estradiol in the Aging Dahl Salt Sensitive Rat

Maric¹,

Sandberg²,

Hinojosa‐Laborde³

2004

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

191

136

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“…Published literature provides clear evidence that estrogen influences physical activity (Wade and Gray, 1979;Mystkowski and Schwartz, 2000;Ainslie et al, 2001;Garey et al, 2001). Withdrawal of estrogen in rats, through ovariectomy, decreased spontaneous physical activity within 7 weeks of surgery compared to sham-operated controls (Ainslie et al, 2001).…”

Section: High-protein Diet Following Ovariohysterectomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovariohysterectomy alters body composition and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression in cats fed a high-protein or moderate-protein diet

Vester

Sutter

Keel

et al. 2009

Animal

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The objective of this study was to measure changes in body composition, physical activity and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression of cats fed a high-protein (HP) diet or moderate-protein (MP) diet, following ovariohysterectomy. Eight cats were randomized onto HP or MP diets and were fed those diets for several months prior to baseline. All cats underwent an ovariohysterectomy at baseline (week 0) and were allowed ad libitum access to dietary treatments for 24 weeks. Food intake was measured daily, and BW and body condition score were measured weekly. Blood, adipose and skeletal muscle tissue samples were collected, physical activity was measured, and body composition was determined using DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) at weeks 0, 12 and 24. Caloric intake increased soon after ovariohysterectomy, resulting in increased ( P , 0.05) BW at weeks 12 and 24 compared to week 0. Body condition score and body fat percentage increased ( P , 0.05) over time. Blood glucose increased ( P , 0.05) linearly over time. Non-esterified fatty acids were decreased ( P , 0.05) at weeks 12 and 24 compared to week 0. Blood leptin increased ( P , 0.05) over time. Total physical activity decreased ( P , 0.05) from week 0 to weeks 12 and 24 in all cats. Adipose tissue mRNA abundance of adiponectin, hormone sensitive lipase, toll-like receptor-4, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and vascular endothelial growth factor decreased ( P , 0.05) linearly over time, regardless of diet. Skeletal muscle mRNA abundance for glucose transporter-1, hormone sensitive lipase and UCP2 were decreased ( P , 0.05), regardless of dietary treatment. Our research noted metabolic changes following ovariohysterectomy that are in agreement with gene expression changes pertaining to lipid metabolism. Feeding cats ad libitum after ovariohysterectomy is inadvisable.

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“…49 Ovariectomy on rats, which disrupts the normal HPG function by preventing the secretion of estrogens and nearly eliminating all estradiol from the circulation, has been shown to increase EI, resulting in a 10-30% increase in body fat. 50,51 This effect of estrogen in animals may also occur in humans. However, it is possible that progesterone, perhaps without an apparent appetite-stimulating effect on its own, may still increase EI when interacting with estrogen.…”

Section: Energy Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Additionally, when progesterone is elevated in the luteal phase it has been shown to promote fat storage by decreasing lipoprotein lipase activity in the adipose tissue. 51 This results in a decline in plasma triacylglycerols, and potentially in a concomitant increased desire for fat-rich foods. 52 This is inappropriate when trying to lose weight as high-fat foods are associated with higher overall EI 53 and may also impede weight loss.…”

Section: Energy Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

2007

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Women's weight and body composition is significantly influenced by the female sex-steroid hormones. Levels of these hormones fluctuate in a defined manner throughout the menstrual cycle and interact to modulate energy homeostasis. This paper reviews the scientific literature on the relationship between hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle and components of energy balance, with the aim of clarifying whether this influences weight loss in women. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle it appears that women's energy intake and energy expenditure are increased and they experience more frequent cravings for foods, particularly those high in carbohydrate and fat, than during the follicular phase. This suggests that the potential of the underlying physiology related to each phase of the menstrual cycle may be worth considering as an element in strategies to optimize weight loss. Studies are needed to assess the weight loss outcome of tailoring dietary recommendations and the degree of energy restriction to each menstrual phase throughout a weight management program, taking these preliminary findings into account.

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Gonadal effects on food intake and adiposity: A metabolic hypothesis

Cited by 425 publications

References 107 publications

Glomerulosclerosis and Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis are Attenuated with 17β-Estradiol in the Aging Dahl Salt Sensitive Rat

Glomerulosclerosis and Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis are Attenuated with 17β-Estradiol in the Aging Dahl Salt Sensitive Rat

Ovariohysterectomy alters body composition and adipose and skeletal muscle gene expression in cats fed a high-protein or moderate-protein diet

Impact of the menstrual cycle on determinants of energy balance: a putative role in weight loss attempts

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