Graphene-Based Nanomaterials as Efficient Peroxidase Mimetic Catalysts for Biosensing Applications: An Overview

Abstract

"Artificial enzymes", a term coined by Breslow for enzyme mimics is an exciting and promising branch of biomimetic chemistry aiming to imitate the general and essential principles of natural enzymes using a variety of alternative materials including heterogeneous catalysts. Peroxidase enzymes represent a large family of oxidoreductases that typically catalyze biological reactions with high substrate affinity and specificity under relatively mild conditions and thus offer a wide range of practical applications in many areas of science. The increasing understanding of general principles as well as intrinsic drawbacks such as low operational stability, high cost, difficulty in purification and storage, and sensitivity of catalytic activity towards atmospheric conditions of peroxidases has triggered a dynamic field in nanotechnology, biochemical, and material science that aims at joining the better of three worlds by combining the concept adapted from nature with the processability of catalytically active graphene-based nanomaterials (G-NMs) as excellent peroxidase mimetic catalysts. This comprehensive review discusses an up-to-date synthesis, kinetics, mechanisms, and biosensing applications of a variety of G-NMs that have been explored as promising catalysts to mimic natural peroxidases.

Free‐Standing 3D Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide

“…Graphene has received considerable attention and numerous investigations due to its strictly two‐dimensional closely packed honeycomb lattice structure, high specific surface areas (calculated to be 2630 m 2 /g), low cost, high conductivity (10 3 –10 4 S/m) and excellent thermal properties. Graphene and its derivatives with a various nanoscale structures have also opened new opportunities for efficient artificial enzymes . Zhang's group prepared 3D porous Prussian blue‐in‐graphene aerogels and they performed well reduction of H 2 O 2 with a detection limit of 5 nM.…”

Carbon Nanozymes: Enzymatic Properties, Catalytic Mechanism, and Applications

“…[6][7][8] Up to now,m any synthetic compounds or materials that can recreate some function of enzymes have been designed and used in many different fields.Among them, some functional nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme activity are defined as nanozymes. [8,14,15,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] CNMs,i ncluding fullerenes,c arbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene,g raphene quantum dots (GQDs), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), because of their excellent physical and chemical properties,have been regarded as rising stars in many active research fields,s uch as electronics,e nergy, catalysis,i maging,s ensing,a nd biomedicine. [8,14,15,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] CNMs,i ncluding fullerenes,c arbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene,g raphene quantum dots (GQDs), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), because of their excellent physical and chemical properties,have been regarded as rising stars in many active research fields,s uch as electronics,e nergy, catalysis,i maging,s ensing,a nd biomedicine.…”

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] So far, av ariety of nanomaterials,s uch as iron oxide nanoparticles,p russian blue nanoparticles,v anadium oxide nanoparticles,ceria nanoparticles,noble metal nanoparticles, and nanocarbon materials (CNMs) have been discovered to possess enzyme-like catalytic activities. [14,15,20,22,23,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Among numerous applications,CNMs have attracted growing interest as metal-free catalysts for some chemical [23,28] and biochemical reactions. [14,15,20,22,23,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Among numerous applications,CNMs have attracted growing interest as metal-free catalysts for some chemical [23,28] and biochemical reactions.…”

Enzymatic oxidative biodegradation of nanoparticles: Mechanisms, significance and applications

“…The presence of these metals should be inevitably associated with the pseudo-peroxidase function inherent to nano-materials. Moreover, electron donor-acceptor specificity of nano-environments may be conducive to the unusual peroxidase-like activities of metals not traditionally associated with redox catalysis such as gold, silver, etc (Garg et al, 2015; Tao et al, 2013). Indeed, many studies have documented the peroxidase-like activities of a variety of metal-containing nanoparticles inherent to their structure or present as adventitious metals (Gao et al, 2014; Kagan et al, 2006a).…”

“…Indeed, many studies have documented the peroxidase-like activities of a variety of metal-containing nanoparticles inherent to their structure or present as adventitious metals (Gao et al, 2014; Kagan et al, 2006a). Intrinsic catalytic activity of graphene oxide (GO) may be associated with its paramagnetic properties (Song et al, 2010; Su et al, 2012; Garg et al, 2015). As an illustration, we present EPR spectra of GO samples demonstrating the presence of Mn(II) inclusions with paramagnetic propensities and narrow paramagnetic signal of GO structure (Fig.…”