Gravitomagnetic Fields in Rotating Superconductors to Solve Tate’s Cooper Pair Mass Anomaly

Abstract

Abstract. Superconductors have often been used to claim gravitational anomalies in the context of breakthrough propulsion. The experiments could not be reproduced by others up to now, and the theories were either shown to be wrong or are often based on difficult to prove assumptions. We will show that superconductors indeed could be used to produce non-classical gravitational fields, based on the established disagreement between theoretical prediction and measured Cooper-pair mass in Niobium. Tate et al failed to measure the Cooper-pair mass in Niobium as predicted by quantum theory. This has been discussed in the literature without any apparent solution. Based on the work from DeWitt to include gravitomagnetism in the canonical momentum of Cooper-pairs, the authors published a number of papers discussing a possibly involved gravitomagnetic field in rotating superconductors to solve Tate's measured anomaly. Although one possibility to match Tate's measurement, a number of reasons were developed by the authors over the last years to show that the gravitomagnetic field in a rotating quantum material must be different from its classical value and that Tate's result is actually the first experimental sign for it. This paper reviews the latest theoretical approaches to solve the Tate Cooper-pair anomaly based on gravitomagnetic fields in rotating superconductors.

Interaction Between Macroscopic Quantum Systems and Gravity

“…A possible explanation was provided by M. Tajmar and C.J. de Matos [65,137,138]: applying the Ginzburg-Landau theory including frame dragging effects to a rotating superconductor, they were able to express the absolute value of the involved gravitomagnetic field, the interpreting the Cooper pair mass anomaly previously reported by Tate. Following the Ginzburg-Landau theory, they integrated the current density of Cooper pairs around a closed path, including the effects of a rotating reference frame and any gravitomagnetic fields (neglected by Tate).…”

“…Standard "spring" accelerometers were used, along with fiber optical gyroscopes, which measure rotating gravitational fields affecting the phase of light beams traversing closed paths. The idea behind the experiments and their interpretation was that rotation generates gravitomagnetic and gravitoelectric fields obeying equations of the Maxwell-Einstein type, but including large amplification factors of the sources [65].…”

“…According to the detailed review of Lewis [66], another motivation for the experiments was the discrepancy found in the tests of superconducting gyroscopes for the Gravity Probe-B experiment (see also the theoretical model of Hauser and Dröscher cited below). Tajmar and De Matos [65] hypothesized that such discrepancy might be explained by a very large increase of the gravitomagnetic field in a rotating superconductor. According to standard General Relativity, their observed gravitomagnetic field would be equivalent to one produced by a white dwarf star!…”

U (1) Axial as a Force between Neturinos

“…This leads to a measurement of the mass of a Cooper Pair [33] which in theory is m c /2m e = 0.999992 but was experimentally observed as 1.000084. We take the additional inertia of the Cooper pairs as due to their dragging effect upon the neutrino fluid inside the superconductor.…”

Evaluation of enhanced frame-dragging in the vicinity of a rotating niobium superconductor, liquid helium and a helium superfluid

“…According to Einstein's theory, this effect is so weak that it required astronomical observations and precision tests with satellites to detect it [1]. Recently, Tajmar and de Matos [2,3,4,5] predicted that rotating superconductors or superfluids might produce much larger non-classical frame-dragging fields in order to explain a reported Cooper-pair mass anomaly in niobium [6,7] which still remains unsolved at present [8]. Other theoretical concepts were proposed supporting this conjecture [9,10,11].…”