Great vessel, cardiac chamber, and wall growth patterns in normal children.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to establish normal echocardiographic measurements of valvular motion, cavity dimensions, great vessel diameters, and right, left and septal wall thicknesses of children ranging in size from infants to full growth. The study group was composed of 205 normal, healthy children for whom echocardiograms and subsequent measurements were performed in a standardized manner. The following measurements were performed: left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimension, right ventricular end-diastolic anterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness, ventricular septal end-diastolic thickness, maximal left atrail dimension, end-diastolic aortic and pulmonary artery diameter, end-diastolic cardiac and septal depth, maximal aortic leaflet separation, and maximal anterior mitral and anterior tricupsid amplitude. Data are grouped into the fifth, fiftieth, and ninety-fifty percentiles according to body surface area. These graphs allow measurements of a single patient to be compared to normal measurements of individuals with similar body surface area.

Left Ventricular Mass in Normal Children and its Correlation with Weight, Height and Body Surface Area

“…M-mode echocardiography is used most widely to measure left ventricular mass because of its wide availability, moderate expense, anatomic and prognostic validation (Rogé et al, 1978;Devereux et al). As, increased LVM has been established as a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity (eg., arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction) and mortality, for management of the treatment and evaluation of the prognosis, the normal values of LVM are also needed (Levy et al, 1987;Epstein et al, 1975). In the 1970s, several studies established the normal limits of M-mode echocardiographic measurements in infants and children (Epstein et al;Allen et al, 1977;Lundström, 1974).…”

“…As, increased LVM has been established as a strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity (eg., arrhythmia, congestive heart failure, and myocardial infarction) and mortality, for management of the treatment and evaluation of the prognosis, the normal values of LVM are also needed (Levy et al, 1987;Epstein et al, 1975). In the 1970s, several studies established the normal limits of M-mode echocardiographic measurements in infants and children (Epstein et al;Allen et al, 1977;Lundström, 1974). Henry et al (1980) studied with 105 normal subjects ranging from one day to 23 years of age.…”

Mid-diastolic aortic valve opening in severe acute aortic regurgitation.

“…In this investigation, RVAW was increased in all participants and RV cavity was increased in most. Whether this increase in RVAW was part of the general hypertrophy which occurs in the heart of if this was related to prolonged elevation of pulmonary artery pressure during in-water training for [2][3][4] hours per day is not known. Clearly this is not an altitude factor alone since the previous normals were from the same community.…”

“…Dye curves were immediately followed by contrast echocardiographic studies performed by two of the authors and interpreted, on a double blind basis, by the other two. These were repeated for [3][4][5] consecutive days in 13/19 patients who had evidence of a residual defect on initial evaluation. Injections were performed through the central venous and/or left atrial (LA) monitoring catheters placed at the time of surgery; 1-2 cc of the patient's own blood was withdrawn and rapidly reinjected by hand through each catheter.…”

Adiposity and cardiac dimensions among 9- to 18-year-old youth: the Québec Family Study

“…These limitations are important to consider as cardiac dimensions increase with normal growth and maturation and vary by sex. [21][22][23][24] Correlations between age and LV mass (LVM) in children and adolescents range from 0.60 to 0.75. 8,17 The purpose of this study was to examine the ageindependent relationships between overall and central adiposity and LV structure in a free-living sample of adolescent male and female subjects divided into three age groups to represent early-, mid-and late adolescence.…”