Greek Goat Encephalitis Virus Strain Isolated from<i>Ixodes ricinus,</i>Greece

Papa, Anna; Pavlidou, Vassiliki; Ántoniadis, Antonis

doi:10.3201/eid1402.070889

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Further north, it occurs up to 1450 m.a.s.l in Switzerland [34], 1560 m.a.s.l in Austria [38], 1080–1270 m.a.s.l in Czech Republic [30] and 700 m.a.s.l in Scotland, UK [39]. At the other extreme, in arid parts of Europe typical of the Mediterranean, for example in Greece, no I. ricinus ticks have been found below 600 m.a.s.l [40]. Of the ticks removed from humans in Greece during June-September 2008 in areas of low altitude, only 1% (5/519) were I. ricinus [41].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

Medlock¹,

Hansford²,

Bormane³

et al. 2013

Parasites Vectors

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815

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Many factors are involved in determining the latitudinal and altitudinal spread of the important tick vector Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Europe, as well as in changes in the distribution within its prior endemic zones. This paper builds on published literature and unpublished expert opinion from the VBORNET network with the aim of reviewing the evidence for these changes in Europe and discusses the many climatic, ecological, landscape and anthropogenic drivers. These can be divided into those directly related to climatic change, contributing to an expansion in the tick’s geographic range at extremes of altitude in central Europe, and at extremes of latitude in Scandinavia; those related to changes in the distribution of tick hosts, particularly roe deer and other cervids; other ecological changes such as habitat connectivity and changes in land management; and finally, anthropogenically induced changes. These factors are strongly interlinked and often not well quantified. Although a change in climate plays an important role in certain geographic regions, for much of Europe it is non-climatic factors that are becoming increasingly important. How we manage habitats on a landscape scale, and the changes in the distribution and abundance of tick hosts are important considerations during our assessment and management of the public health risks associated with ticks and tick-borne disease issues in 21st century Europe. Better understanding and mapping of the spread of I. ricinus (and changes in its abundance) is, however, essential to assess the risk of the spread of infections transmitted by this vector species. Enhanced tick surveillance with harmonized approaches for comparison of data enabling the follow-up of trends at EU level will improve the messages on risk related to tick-borne diseases to policy makers, other stake holders and to the general public.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In more arid parts of Europe, around the Mediterranean, humidity is a controlling factor in the distribution of I. ricinus , exemplified by studies in Greece that report a lower altitudinal limit of 600 m.a.s.l. [40,41]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

Medlock¹,

Hansford²,

Bormane³

et al. 2013

Parasites Vectors

Self Cite

855

815

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“…There are a number of closely related tick-borne viruses that cause neurological disease in sheep or goats, however, which have been described as louping ill-like viruses (Gao et al , 1997). These have included Turkish sheep encephalitis virus (Gao et al , 1993b; Whitby et al , 1993), Greek goat encephalitis virus (Papa et al , 2008) and Spanish sheep encephalitis virus (Marin et al , 1995). There remains some debate over the optimum classification of the different isolates of LIV and the LIV-like viruses within the tick-borne encephalitis complex (Gao et al , 1997; Norberg et al , 2013).…”

Section: Molecular Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Louping ill virus: an endemic tick-borne disease of Great Britain

Jeffries

Mansfield

Phipps

et al. 2014

Journal of General Virology

104

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In Europe and Asia, Ixodid ticks transmit tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), a flavivirus that causes severe encephalitis in humans but appears to show no virulence for livestock and wildlife. In the British Isles, where TBEV is absent, a closely related tick-borne flavivirus, named louping ill virus (LIV), is present. However, unlike TBEV, LIV causes a febrile illness in sheep, cattle, grouse and some other species, that can progress to fatal encephalitis. The disease is detected predominantly in animals from upland areas of the UK and Ireland. This distribution is closely associated with the presence of its arthropod vector, the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. The virus is a positive-strand RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, exhibiting a high degree of genetic homology to TBEV and other mammalian tick-borne viruses. In addition to causing acute encephalomyelitis in sheep, other mammals and some avian species, the virus is recognized as a zoonotic agent with occasional reports of seropositive individuals, particularly those whose occupation involves contact with sheep. Preventative vaccination in sheep is effective although there is no treatment for disease. Surveillance for LIV in Great Britain is limited despite an increased awareness of emerging arthropod-borne diseases and potential changes in distribution and epidemiology. This review provides an overview of LIV and highlights areas where further effort is needed to control this disease.

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“…A survey conducted in Northern Greece showed that 2.06% among 921 apparently healthy individuals had IgG antibodies to TBEV, while none of 302 patients with central nervous system (CNS) infection was found to have been infected by TBEV [Pavlidou et al, 2007]. Instead, two strains of Greek goat encephalitis virus (GGEV), which is related closely to TBEV, have been isolated in Greece [Papadopoulos et al, 1971; Papa et al, 2008]. It has been suggested that the observed seroprevalence is probably due to cross‐reactivity to GGEV [Pavlidou et al, 2008].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute West Nile virus neuroinvasive infections: Cross‐reactivity with dengue virus and tick‐borne encephalitis virus

Papa¹,

Karabaxoglou²,

Kansouzidou³

2011

Journal of Medical Virology

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Cross-reactions in serology are common among flaviviruses. During the outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) infections in Greece in 2010, WNV IgM-positive serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were tested for the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against Dengue virus (DENV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Higher cross-reactivity was observed in IgM antibodies between WNV and DENV; however, the index of the WNV antibodies was in all cases higher than that of the DENV antibodies. There is a need for caution when evaluating serologic results of flaviviral infections, while efforts have to be focused on the development of diagnostic assays with increased specificity.

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Greek Goat Encephalitis Virus Strain Isolated fromIxodes ricinus,Greece

Abstract: A strain of Greek goat encephaltitis virus was isolated from engorged Ixodes ricinus ticks that had fed on goats in northern Greece. The strain was almost identical to the prototype strain isolated 35 years ago.

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

Driving forces for changes in geographical distribution of Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe

Louping ill virus: an endemic tick-borne disease of Great Britain

Acute West Nile virus neuroinvasive infections: Cross‐reactivity with dengue virus and tick‐borne encephalitis virus

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