Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate Fruit Peel and Solid Coffee Grounds vs. Chemical Method of Synthesis, with Their Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties Investigation

Abstract

This research aims to investigate the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of novel zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by Punica granatum peel and coffee ground extracts as the reducing and capping agents. Chemically synthesized ZnONPs were prepared using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide as reducing precursors. ZnONPs were characterized using an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-VIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Peaks of UV spectra were 300 nm for ZnONPs_PPE, 320 nm (ZnONPs_CE), 290 nm, and 440 nm (ZnONP_Chem), thereby confirming ZnONPs formation. The X-ray diffractograms revealed their hexagonal structure. TEM micrographs of the biosynthesized ZnONPs revealed their hexagonal pattern and nanorod shape for ZnONPs_Chem with particle sizes of 118.6 nm, 115.7 nm, and 111.2 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis demonstrated the presence of proteins, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups on ZnONPs surfaces that act as reducing and stabilizing agents. ZnONP_Chem shows the antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Punica peel and coffee ground extracts are effective reducing agents for green ZnONPs synthesis with a lower cytotoxic effect on Vero cells than ZnONPs_Chem with IC50 = 111, 103, and 93 μg/mL, respectively.

The impact of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles from Olea europaea (Common Olive) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth and biofilm formation

“…The Comparisons between our results and previously literature were slightly hindered as the ZnO NPs had different characteristics 34 , 35 . This may offer a partial explanation concerning why data reported in the literature regarding the MIC of ZnO NPs for various PA strains differ.…”

The Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver/Gold Nanoparticles Obtained by “Green Synthesis” from Willow Bark and Their Formulations as Potential Innovative Pharmaceutical Substances

“…An additional advantage of nanomaterial “green synthesis” is that the natural extracts counteract the effects of metal nanoparticles, thus, making the nanomaterials stable and safe. It has also been demonstrated that NPs synthesized using plant extracts are more biocompatible and biologically active than those synthesized via chemical methods [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Hence, silver NPs, obtained via plant metabolites enriched with polyphenols and formulated with natural polymers, could lead to obtaining highly therapeutic effects compared to their individual components.…”

Green Synthesis of Zn(OH)2/ZnO-Based Bionanocomposite using Pomegranate Peels and Its Application in the Degradation of Bacterial Biofilm

“…Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp extract was employed as a simultaneous reducing and capping agent to prepare ZnO NPs, and the photocatalytic properties to degrade malachite green were probed [18]. In a recent study, Abdelmigid et al [19] utilized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel and coffee ground (Coffea arabica) extract to prepare ZnO NPs [19]. These authors reported antibacterial efficiency against different bacterial strains and also reported that green route synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a lower cytotoxicity on Vero cells compared to ZnO NPs synthesized by a chemical route.…”