Growth of a Volcanic Edifice Through Plumbing System Processes—Volcanic Rift Zones, Magmatic Sheet-Intrusion Swarms and Long-Lived Conduits

Burchardt, Steffi; Walter, Thomas R.; Tuffen, Hugh

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809749-6.00004-2

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Because dykes as hydrofractures are mostly oriented perpendicular to the least compressive stress σ 3 (Anderson, ) the NNE‐SSW directed opening of the Terceira Rift at the western part of Terceira explains the WNW‐ESE oriented volcanic and tectonic structures and follow the regional tectonic stress field (Pimentel et al, ). In contrast, radially oriented volcano‐tectonic structures around a common center are known from dyke injections from a shallow magma reservoir of a volcanic edifice (Burchardt et al, ), for example, at the central volcano of Fernandina Island (Chadwick & Dieterich, ) and associated radially oriented submarine fissure zones (Geist et al, ). Some subaerial structures around Santa Bárbara volcano and submarine structures at the N' Serreta Ridges and south of Serreta Ridge are oriented radially around Santa Bárbara caldera (Figure ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Changes in Magma Transport at the Active Serreta Ridge, Azores

Romer

Beier

Haase

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Volcanism in the Eastern Azores Plateau occurs at large central volcanoes and along subaerial and submarine fissure zones, resulting from a mantle melting anomaly combined with transtensional stresses. Volcanic structures are aligned WNW‐ESE and NW‐SE, reflecting two tectonic stress fields that control the direction of lateral melt transport. Terceira Island is influenced by both stress fields, dividing the island into an eastern and western part. Several submarine volcanic ridges with variable orientations are located west of Santa Bárbara, the youngest central volcano on Terceira. Major, trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Hf isotope compositions from submarine lavas and glasses, in part associated with the 1998–2001 Serreta Ridge eruption, vary between different lava suites, suggesting a formation from different mantle sources. Submarine lavas are more primitive than those from Santa Bárbara volcano, indicating that they are not laterally connected with the shallow magma reservoir located in 2‐ to 5‐km depth beneath the central volcano. Mineral thermobarometric data suggest that the older Serreta magmas were laterally transported at depths >5 km from Santa Bárbara predominantly in WNW direction. We propose that lithospheric extension controls magma transport from the central volcano to Serreta Ridge. The youngest Serreta lavas differ from Santa Bárbara and other submarine ridges in having less radiogenic Pb and higher Hf isotope ratios representing a new magma pulse ascending from the mantle. We conclude that lateral magma transport and the morphology of volcanic ridges are controlled by tectonic stresses in the lithosphere, whereas vertical melt transport is initiated by processes in the mantle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Changes in Magma Transport at the Active Serreta Ridge, Azores

Romer

Beier

Haase

et al. 2019

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Dykes in the shallow parts of the Taburiente edifice have radial orientations 1,11,14 , indicating that the least compressive stress σ 3 is oriented circumferentially around a central point. Circumferential orientations of σ 3 can be caused by a source of pressure at the swarm centre (e.g., a magma chamber) or by a radially decreasing topographic load (as is typically imposed by a volcanic edifice), although topographic stresses tend to dominate at shallow depths 23 .…”

Section: Scientific Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Magma plumbing systems comprise temporally and spatially interconnected dykes, sills and magma chambers that exert fundamental controls on volcanic behaviour 1 . They influence and reflect edifice processes, and so provide a record of volcano dynamics and long-term evolution that is essential for the development of predictive models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dyke apertures record stress accumulation during sustained volcanism

Thiele

Cruden

Micklethwaite

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The feedback between dyke and sill intrusions and the evolution of stresses within volcanic systems is poorly understood, despite its importance for magma transport and volcano instability. Long-lived ocean island volcanoes are crosscut by thousands of dykes, which must be accommodated through a combination of flank slip and visco-elastic deformation. Flank slip is dominant in some volcanoes (e.g., Kilauea), but how intrusions are accommodated in other volcanic systems remains unknown. Here we apply digital mapping techniques to collect > 400,000 orientation and aperture measurements from 519 sheet intrusions within Volcán Taburiente (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain) and investigate their emplacement and accommodation. We show that vertically ascending dykes were deflected to propagate laterally as they approached the surface of the volcano, forming a radial dyke swarm, and propose a visco-elastic model for their accommodation. Our model reproduces the measured dyke-aperture distribution and predicts that stress accumulates within densely intruded regions of the volcano, blocking subsequent dykes and causing eruptive activity to migrate. These results have significant implications for the organisation of magma transport within volcanic edifices, and the evolution and stability of long-lived volcanic systems.

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“…These may take a variety of forms (e.g. Burchardt et al, 2018). In this paper we use the terms 'circumferential dike', which have an arcuate horizontal section, and 'cone sheet', which taper downwards towards a central point and have a circular horizontal section, to distinguish and reflect the end member intrusion geometries, without reference to their process of formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of unloading stresses on post-caldera magma intrusions

Gaete

Kavanagh

Rivalta

et al. 2019

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Calderas represent morphological depressions several kilometers in diameter, and the unloaded crustal stresses they produce can form rapidly (e.g. Pinatubo, 1990) or slowly (e.g. Hawaii, 2018). Active calderas are known as sites of persistent magma intrusions, and yet the dynamics of their shallow plumbing system is not well constrained. We use scaled laboratory experiments to study how experimental intrusions are created beneath a caldera by injecting dyed water (magma analogue) into the base of an elastic gelatin solid (crust analogue) with a cylindrical cavity in its surface to mimic a caldera-like topography. The evolving dike geometry and stress field were qualitatively determined using polarized light, and digital image correlation allowed the incremental and total strain to be quantified by tracking passive-tracer particles in the gelatin that fluoresced in a thin 2D vertical laser sheet. Our results show that the unloaded stress field from a caldera can cause a divergence of vertical dikes, and leads to circumferential dikes and cone sheets. When the caldera was large the initially vertical dike became arrested, then grew laterally via circumferentially-propagating en echelon segments; these eventually joined to complete a cone sheet that was parallel to, but extended outside and beneath, the large caldera. When the caldera was small, a circumferential dike erupted, producing a short fissure which was outside, but parallel to, the caldera. We suggest that the distinct curved geometry, velocity, strain and stress characteristics of circumferential dikes and cone sheets can be used to interpret the origin and growth of post-caldera magmatism and the likelihood of eruption in caldera systems.

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Growth of a Volcanic Edifice Through Plumbing System Processes—Volcanic Rift Zones, Magmatic Sheet-Intrusion Swarms and Long-Lived Conduits

Cited by 15 publications

References 89 publications

Progressive Changes in Magma Transport at the Active Serreta Ridge, Azores

Progressive Changes in Magma Transport at the Active Serreta Ridge, Azores

Dyke apertures record stress accumulation during sustained volcanism

The impact of unloading stresses on post-caldera magma intrusions

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