H₃PO₄-Assisted Synthesis of Apricot Shell Lignin-Based Activated Carbon for Capacitors: Understanding the Pore Structure/Electrochemical Performance Relationship

Abstract

The main focus of this study was to give an idea for the value added from lignin and further understand the pore structure/electrochemical performance relationship. A case study of using H3PO4-assisted apricot shell lignin (ASL) was used to synthesize apricot shell lignin-based activated carbon (AAC) for capacitors. Considering performance and cost, the activation temperature of ASL was 550 °C. The as-obtained AAC-3 possesses the highest specific surface area (1474.82 m2/g) and the highest mass-specific capacitance (169.05 F/g) upon the current density of 0.5 A/g. Compared with the correlation coefficient (R 2) of specific surface area and mass-specific capacitance, the R 2 of V 0.85–1.93 nm and mass-specific capacitance was higher. Therefore, when employing a three-electrode configuration with a 6 M KOH electrolyte, the V 0.85–1.93 nm can be used as a universal predictor of mass-specific capacitance at a low current density ranging from 0.50 to 10.00 A/g. Additionally, such a range of characterized pore size (0.85–1.93 nm) exhibited 2.83–6.43 times the diameters of K+ and OH–.

Sustainable Lignin-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors: A Novel Approach for Holding Electrochemical Attraction Natural Texture Property of Precursor

“…Curves with a hysteresis loop upon moderate pressure indicate the existence of mesopores in samples. In the high-pressure range, the curves rise sharply, meaning that there are macropores in samples . The porosity hierarchy structures of PC-0 and PC-1 are depicted in Figure a.…”

Investigation of element migration characteristics and product properties during biomass pyrolysis: a case study of pine cones rich in nitrogen

“… 29 In reviewing the literature, Li et al 45 indicated the nitrogen content of bamboo biochar detected by element analyzer and XPS being 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively. Wang et al 46 demonstrated the nitrogen content for lignin-derived porous carbon determined by element analyzer and XPS is 0.24% and 0%, respectively. Similarly, Xu et al 29 illuminated the nitrogen content for fiberboard biochar detected by element analyzer and XPS being 3.42% and 2%, respectively.…”

Repurposing N-Doped Grape Marc for the Fabrication of Supercapacitors with Theoretical and Machine Learning Models

“…( C ) Specific capacitances at varying applied currents of ZnAC 1 , ZnAC 2 , KAC, and KAC urea . ( D ) Capacitance comparison of the best-performing KAC urea with the reported values in the literature [ 1 , 33 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

“…Carbon-based electrode materials are suitable for energy storage applications because they possess attractive features such as excellent chemical and thermal stability, high electrical conductivity, and a large surface area [ 1 ]. Various carbonaceous materials—such as activated carbon (AC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon aerogels, graphene, ordered mesoporous carbon, carbon composites, etc.…”

“…In such cases, thermal conversion of the GM into valuable products such as biochar, energy, or chemical feedstock is an alternative in terms of both environmental and economic benefits [ 22 ]. GM consists largely of lignin, which possesses a 3D network structure and higher density than other lignocellulosic biomass [ 1 ]. Thus, it can be a promising feedstock for energy storage applications.…”