Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes

Abstract

This volume compiles and updates information on invasive plant-parasitic nematodes and their looming threat in different countries. It offers a global perspective on invasive nematodes by presenting 17 chapters with information on more than 100 nematodes and their potential threat in different countries. Each nematode entry includes information on: authentic identification; geographical distribution; risk of introduction; host ranges; symptoms; biology and ecology; planting material liable to carry the nematode(s) and its vector, if any; chance of establishment; likely impact; phytosanitary measures; and a detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as sampling, isolation/detection and identification with morphological and molecular characterization. The aim of the book is to provide basic and advanced knowledge on invasive nematodes with a global perspective, and it targets practitioners, professionals, scientists, researchers, students and government officials working on plant quarantine and biosecurity with regard to plant-parasitic nematodes.

Status of Wheat Production and Associated Nematode Pests in Pakistan

“…Economic losses in cereals caused by CCNs were documented and reported in several studies around the world (Dababat and Fourie, 2018;İmren et al, 2019). Among the 80 valid species of the genus Heterodera Schmidt, 1871 (Subbotin et al, 2010b;Haque and Khan, 2021), the most common and economically important nematode species found associated with wheat is Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, 1924. This species has a worldwide distribution including Pakistan.…”

Biosecurity risks to human food supply associated with plant-parasitic nematodes

“…The globalization of trade, both nationally and internationally, has led to a heightened introduction of invasive species, including nematodes, at an unprecedented rate. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), recognized by the World Trade Organization’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement (WTO-SPS), is pivotal in developing international standards, guidelines, and recommendations for phytosanitary measures concerning food and agriculture-related trade ( Haque and Khan, 2021 ). In adherence to the IPPC, member countries have established National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs), responsible for implementing Plant Quarantine (PQ) regulations.…”

“…Today, the presence of PQ regulations is a global norm, with many countries combining these with Biosecurity protocols. Additionally, under the auspices of the WTO and governed by the Commission of Phytosanitary Measures (CPM), the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) are applied by WTO members under the WTO-SPS agreement to fulfill the requirements of the IPPC ( Haque and Khan, 2021 ).…”

“…As outlined by Haque and Khan (2021) , the ISPMs that apply to PPNs include specific quarantine treatments for imported commodities, prohibitions on the entry of hosts likely to carry particular nematodes, and guidelines on importing only plants with bare roots or those grown in approved media from nematode-free areas. Phytosanitary measures also encompass restrictions on the movement of soil and machinery from infested fields and encourage the immediate disposal of infected plant material and soil.…”

Tare Soil Disinfestation from Cyst Nematodes Using Inundation

“…To stop the spread of cyst nematodes complex management strategies are needed, including the breeding of resistant cultivars, crop rotation and other preventive measures. In particular, the durable nature of the female cyst filled with viable eggs and juveniles poses a high phytosanitary risk [ 2 ]. Cysts with vital eggs can persist several years in the soil and, therefore, soils adhering to potato tubers and sugar beets are a potential source of spread during harvest and further processing.…”