Hardness corrections for copper are inappropriate for protecting sensitive freshwater biota

Markich, Scott J.; Batley, Graeme E.; Stauber, Jennifer L.; Rogers, Nicola J.; Apte, Simon C.; Hyne, Ross V.; Bowles, Karl C.; Wilde, Karyn L.; Creighton, N.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.005

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The toxicity of Cu(II) slightly decreased with an increase of pH. This well agrees with the works of other researchers [5,6,19]. As pH decreases, the toxicity of Cu(II) increases due to increase of toxic free copper ions (Cu 2+ ) [19].…”

Section: Individual Effects Of Ph Doc and Hardnesssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…To account for their risks to human and the environment, many researchers have evaluated biological toxicity of copper and chromium in both synthetic and industrial wastewaters [5][6][7][8][9]. Although it is well known that metal toxicity is affected by water quality parameters, such as pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and hardness, studies on their combined effects are limited [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna

Park

Jung

2009

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

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Section: Individual Effects Of Ph Doc and Hardnesssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna

Park

Jung

2009

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry

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“…Water hardness may be less important than dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in mediating metal bioaccumulation (Markich et al 2005). Increases in water Ca "hardness" protect organisms against water borne metals uptake while elevated dietary Ca protects fish against both water borne and dietary exposure Niyogi et al 2006).…”

Section: Factors Influencing Bioavailabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Risks of Inorganic Metals and Metalloids: A Continuing, Evolving Scientific Odyssey

Chapman

2008

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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“…In 24-h copper toxicity tests with larvae (glochidia) of wavy-rayed lampmussels (Lampsilis fasciola) tested in ASTM-reconstituted soft and moderately hard waters, an increase in copper EC50s (18-50 mg Cu/L) was observed [33]. Although some studies with fish and crustaceans have shown that increasing water hardness is correlated with increasing acute EC50s for copper [13,16,36], other studies with crustaceans have reported little or no amelioration of copper toxicity with increasing water hardness in acute toxicity tests [18,37] or in chronic toxicity tests [38,39]. Similarly, Pynnonen [35] reported that increasing water hardness from 4.5 to 58 mg Ca/L did not affect 24-h toxicity of copper to glochidia of swan mussel (Anodonta cygnea).…”

Section: Toxicity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of acute copper toxicity to juvenile freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) in natural and reconstituted waters

Wang

Mebane

Kunz

et al. 2009

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The influence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and water composition on the toxicity of copper to juvenile freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) were evaluated in natural and reconstituted waters. Acute 96-h copper toxicity tests werec onducted at four nominal DOC concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L as carbon [C]) in dilutions of natural waters and in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) reconstituted hard water. Toxicity tests also were conducted in ASTM soft, moderately hard, hard, and very hard reconstituted waters (nominal hardness 45-300 mg/L as CaCO₃). Three natural surface waters (9.5-11 mg/L DOC) were diluted to obtain a series of DOC concentrations with diluted well water, and an extract of natural organic matter and commercial humic acid was mixed with ASTM hard water to prepare a series of DOC concentrations for toxicity testing. Median effective concentrations (EC50s) for dissolved copper varied >40-fold (9.9 to >396 gg Cu/L) over all 21 treatments in various DOC waters. Within a particular type of DOC water, EC50s increased 5- to 12-fold across DOC concentrations of 0.3 to up to 11 mg C/L. However, EC50s increased by only a factor of 1.4 (21-30 gg Cu/L) in the four ASTM waters with wide range of water hardness (52-300 mg CaCO₃/L). Predictions from the biotic ligand model (BLM) for copper explained nearly 90% of the variability in EC50s. Nearly 70% of BLM-normalized EC50s for fatmucket tested in natural waters were below the final acute value used to derive the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute water quality criterion for copper, indicating that the criterion might not be protective of fatmucket and perhaps other mussel species.

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Hardness corrections for copper are inappropriate for protecting sensitive freshwater biota

Cited by 45 publications

References 13 publications

Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna

Combined effects of pH, hardness and dissolved organic carbon on acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna

Environmental Risks of Inorganic Metals and Metalloids: A Continuing, Evolving Scientific Odyssey

Evaluation of acute copper toxicity to juvenile freshwater mussels (fatmucket, Lampsilis siliquoidea) in natural and reconstituted waters

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