Hardware Obfuscation Using Strong PUFs

Khaleghi, Soroush; Rao, Wenjing

doi:10.1109/isvlsi.2018.00066

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A response is typically derived from the unique physical characteristics (resulting from process variation) of an integrated circuit, such that no two circuits can provide the same response to the same challenge. A PUF can be used as a building block for implementing low-cost authentication protocols [32,58,102,122], key generation applications [101,114,171], intellectual property protection [53,54,174], hardware obfuscation [78,165], prevention of reverse engineering [122,163], intellectual property watermarking [21], software metering [37], or prevention of hardware Trojan embedding [164].…”

Section: Physical Unclonable Functions (Pufs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

CODIC: A Low-Cost Substrate for Enabling Custom In-DRAM Functionalities and Optimizations

Orosa¹,

Wang²,

Sadrosadati³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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DRAM is the dominant main memory technology used in modern computing systems. Computing systems implement a memory controller that interfaces with DRAM via DRAM commands. DRAM executes the given commands using internal components (e.g., access transistors, sense amplifiers) that are orchestrated by DRAM internal timings, which are fixed for each DRAM command. Unfortunately, the use of fixed internal timings limits the types of operations that DRAM can perform and hinders the implementation of new functionalities and custom mechanisms that improve DRAM reliability, performance and energy. To overcome these limitations, we propose enabling programmable DRAM internal timings for controlling in-DRAM components.To this end, we design CODIC, a new low-cost DRAM substrate that enables fine-grained control over four previously fixed internal DRAM timings that are key to many DRAM operations. We implement CODIC with only minimal changes to the DRAM chip and the DDRx interface. To demonstrate the potential of CODIC, we propose two new CODIC-based security mechanisms that outperform state-of-the-art mechanisms in several ways: (1) a new DRAM Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) that is more robust and has significantly higher throughput than state-of-the-art DRAM PUFs, and (2) the first cold boot attack prevention mechanism that does not introduce any performance or energy overheads at runtime.

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Section: Physical Unclonable Functions (Pufs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

CODIC: A Low-Cost Substrate for Enabling Custom In-DRAM Functionalities and Optimizations

Orosa¹,

Wang²,

Sadrosadati³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Khalegi et al [14] used a similar approach but with a strong PUF with a large CRP space. In order to make the use of a strong PUF feasible, the designer's characterization of the PUF was limited to just a subset of the input set.…”

Section: Prior Puf-based Obfuscation Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, if an attacker is able to retrieve the key by some method, it can unlock all chips and effectively overproduce the chips. Recently, physically unclonable functions (PUFs) have been used as a way to provide unique keys for obfuscation [14][15][16]. PUFs are inherent circuit primitives that extract randomness from the physical characteristics of a system at the manufacturing stage [17,18] by applying input challenges and observing random output responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Generation for Hardware Obfuscation Using Strong PUFs

Quadir

Chandy

2019

Cryptography

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As a result of the increased use of contract foundries, intellectual property (IP) theft, excess production and reverse engineering are major concerns for the electronics and defense industries. Hardware obfuscation and IP locking can be used to make a design secure by replacing a part of the circuit with a key-locked module. In order to ensure each chip has unique keys, previous work has proposed using physical unclonable functions (PUF) to lock the circuit. However, these designs are area intensive. In this work, we propose a strong PUF-based hardware obfuscation scheme to uniquely lock each chip. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.S.E.Q. and J.A.C.; Methodology, M.S.E.Q.; Software, M.S.E.Q.; Supervision, J.A.C.; Validation, M.S.E.Q. and J.A.C.; Formal analysis, M.S.E.Q. and J.A.C.; Visualization, J.A.C.; Data curation, M.S.E.Q.; Project administration, J.A.C.; Writing-original draft preparation, M.S.E.Q.; Writing-review and editing, M.S.E.Q. and J.A.C.; Project administration, J.A.C. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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“…Therefore, the best set of gates for obfuscating maximizes the runtime for deobfuscating. However, until present, selecting the best set of gates is still generally based on human heuristics or experience, which is seriously arbitrary and suboptimal (Khaleghi and Rao, 2018 ). This is due to the inability to “try and error” all the different ways of obfuscation, as there are millions of combinations to try, and the runtime for each try (i.e., to run the attacker) can be extremely time-consuming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This research topic is vastly underexplored because of its significant challenges: (1) Difficulty in characterizing the hidden and sophisticated algorithmic mechanism of attackers . Over the recent years, a large number of deobfuscation methods have been proposed with various techniques (Khaleghi and Rao, 2018 ). In order to practically beat the attackers, methods with sophisticated theories, rules, and heuristics have been proposed and adopted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Graph Learning for Circuit Deobfuscation

et al. 2021

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Circuit obfuscation is a recently proposed defense mechanism to protect the intellectual property (IP) of digital integrated circuits (ICs) from reverse engineering. There have been effective schemes, such as satisfiability (SAT)-checking based attacks that can potentially decrypt obfuscated circuits, which is called deobfuscation. Deobfuscation runtime could be days or years, depending on the layouts of the obfuscated ICs. Hence, accurately pre-estimating the deobfuscation runtime within a reasonable amount of time is crucial for IC designers to optimize their defense. However, it is challenging due to (1) the complexity of graph-structured circuit; (2) the varying-size topology of obfuscated circuits; (3) requirement on efficiency for deobfuscation method. This study proposes a framework that predicts the deobfuscation runtime based on graph deep learning techniques to address the challenges mentioned above. A conjunctive normal form (CNF) bipartite graph is utilized to characterize the complexity of this SAT problem by analyzing the SAT attack method. Multi-order information of the graph matrix is designed to identify the essential features and reduce the computational cost. To overcome the difficulty in capturing the dynamic size of the CNF graph, an energy-based kernel is proposed to aggregate dynamic features into an identical vector space. Then, we designed a framework, Deep Survival Analysis with Graph (DSAG), which integrates energy-based layers and predicts runtime inspired by censored regression in survival analysis. Integrating uncensored data with censored data, the proposed model improves the standard regression significantly. DSAG is an end-to-end framework that can automatically extract the determinant features for deobfuscation runtime. Extensive experiments on benchmarks demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.

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Hardware Obfuscation Using Strong PUFs

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

CODIC: A Low-Cost Substrate for Enabling Custom In-DRAM Functionalities and Optimizations

CODIC: A Low-Cost Substrate for Enabling Custom In-DRAM Functionalities and Optimizations

Key Generation for Hardware Obfuscation Using Strong PUFs

Deep Graph Learning for Circuit Deobfuscation

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