Haulout: Scope of the term and procedure for identification

Нестеренко, Вадим Анатольевич; Katin, I. O.

doi:10.1134/s1067413609010081

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Similar concerns exist for ringed seal populations, which are predicted to be at risk of major declines due to ongoing sea ice loss ( Kelly et al , 2010 ; Kovacs et al , 2011 ; Reimer et al , 2019 ). Spotted seals may be less impacted by reductions in sea ice as they are already known to successfully utilize coastal haul outs for pupping and molting in lower latitudes ( Wang, 1986 ; Nesterenko and Katin, 2009 ); however, the cascading consequences of climate change will inevitably affect all three species. Ultimately, this work highlights potential energetic trade-offs associated with different molting strategies in these three species and more broadly, provides valuable quantitative data regarding annual patterns in energy demands that can be used to assess species-specific vulnerabilities of Arctic seals to changing conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molting strategies of Arctic seals drive annual patterns in metabolism

Thometz

Hermann-Sorensen

Russell

et al. 2021

Conservation Physiology

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Arctic seals, including spotted (Phoca largha), ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals, are directly affected by sea ice loss. These species use sea ice as a haul-out substrate for various critical functions, including their annual molt. Continued environmental warming will inevitably alter the routine behavior and overall energy budgets of Arctic seals, but it is difficult to quantify these impacts as their metabolic requirements are not well known—due in part to the difficulty of studying wild individuals. Thus, data pertaining to species-specific energy demands are urgently needed to better understand the physiological consequences of rapid environmental change. We used open-flow respirometry over a four-year period to track fine-scale, longitudinal changes in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of four spotted seals, three ringed seals and one bearded seal trained to participate in research. Simultaneously, we collected complementary physiological and environmental data. Species-specific metabolic demands followed expected patterns based on body size, with the largest species, the bearded seal, exhibiting the highest absolute RMR (0.48 ± 0.04 L O2 min−1) and the lowest mass-specific RMR (4.10 ± 0.47 ml O2 min−1 kg−1), followed by spotted (absolute: 0.33 ± 0.07 L O2 min−1; mass-specific: 6.13 ± 0.73 ml O2 min−1 kg−1) and ringed (absolute: 0.20 ± 0.04 L O2 min−1; mass-specific: 7.01 ± 1.38 ml O2 min−1 kg−1) seals. Further, we observed clear and consistent annual patterns in RMR that related to the distinct molting strategies of each species. For species that molted over relatively short intervals—spotted (33 ± 4 days) and ringed (28 ± 6 days) seals—metabolic demands increased markedly in association with molt. In contrast, the bearded seal exhibited a prolonged molting strategy (119 ± 2 days), which appeared to limit the overall cost of molting as indicated by a relatively stable annual RMR. These findings highlight energetic trade-offs associated with different molting strategies and provide quantitative data that can be used to assess species-specific vulnerabilities to changing conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molting strategies of Arctic seals drive annual patterns in metabolism

Thometz

Hermann-Sorensen

Russell

et al. 2021

Conservation Physiology

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“…Underyearlings use both haulout sites and coastal places not used by spotted seals of older age groups, including grottos and clefts that are hard-to-reach both from the shore and from the water. These sites appear to be preferred, as the safety requirements of the underyearlings drastically differ from those of the seals within ashore associations (Nesterenko & Katin, 2009;Katin & Nesterenko, 2010c).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are over 50 islands in Peter the Great Bay. However, more than 70% of all of the haulout sites of the spotted seal described in this region (Nesterenko & Katin, 2009) are concentrated on the islands of the Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago, which is situated in the southwestern part of the bay ( Fig. 1) and consists of 10 islands that are grouped into two island clusters.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of space by immature spotted seals (Phoca largha) in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) breeding area

Нестеренко¹,

Katin²

2015

Rus.J.Theriol.

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“…The spotted seal (Phoca largha) is listed as Least Concern (on the IUCN Red List) because there is no observation of population declines in its main distribution area, such as the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk (Boveng 2016). The spotted seal population in the Yellow Sea ecoregion (including the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea), encompassing 0.31% of the total P. largha individuals (number of global mature individuals: 320 000), is a genetically independent branch and the only flagship species in this region (Fedoseev 2000;Olson & Dinerstein 2002;Gao et al 2008;Nesterenko & Katin 2009;Han et al 2010;Li et al 2010;Conn et al 2013). However, due to habitat destruction and marine degradation, approximately 80% of the population has disappeared since the mid-19th century, putting the spotted seal at risk of local extinction (Murray et al 2015;Yan et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spotted seal population in the Yellow Sea ecoregion (including the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea), encompassing 0.31% of the total P. largha individuals (number of global mature individuals: 320 000), is a genetically independent branch and the only flagship species in this region (Fedoseev 2000; Olson & Dinerstein 2002; Gao et al. 2008; Nesterenko & Katin 2009; Han et al. 2010; Li et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial‐temporal shifting patterns and in situ conservation of spotted seal (Phoca largha) populations in the Yellow Sea ecoregion

et al. 2023

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Understanding the habitat shifting pattern is a prerequisite for implementing in situ conservation of migratory species. Spotted seals (Phoca largha) inhabiting the Yellow Sea ecoregion (YSE) comprise a small population with independent genes and represent a charismatic flagship species in this region. However, this population has declined by 80% since the 1940s, and increased support from the countries around the YSE is urgently needed to address the potential local extinction risk. A time‐series niche model and life‐history weighted systematic conservation planning were designed on the basis of a satellite beacon tracking survey (2010–2020) of the YSE population. The results showed clustering and spreading shifting patterns during the breeding and migratory seasons, respectively. The closed‐loop migration route formed in the YSE indicated that this population might be geographically isolated from populations in other breeding areas around the world. The conservation priority area (CPA), with an area of 19 632 km2 (3.58% of the total YSE area), was the most effective response to the potential in situ risk. However, nearly 80% of the CPA was exposed outside the existing marine protected areas (MPAs). Future establishment of MPAs in China should strategically consider the conservation gap identified herein, and it is recommended for Korea's closed fishing season to be spatially set in the western Korean Peninsula from May to August. This study also exemplified that the lack of temporal information would lead to the dislocation of niche modeling for migratory species represented by spotted seals. Attention should be paid to protecting small and migratory populations in marine biodiversity conservation planning.

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Haulout: Scope of the term and procedure for identification

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Molting strategies of Arctic seals drive annual patterns in metabolism

Molting strategies of Arctic seals drive annual patterns in metabolism

Use of space by immature spotted seals (Phoca largha) in Peter the Great Bay (Sea of Japan) breeding area

Spatial‐temporal shifting patterns and in situ conservation of spotted seal (Phoca largha) populations in the Yellow Sea ecoregion

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