Hazards of chemical weapons release during war: new perspectives.

Abstract

The two major threat classes of chemical weapons are mustard gas and the nerve agents, and this has not changed in over 50 years. Both types are commonly called gases, but they are actually liquids that are not re ly voatile. These agents were designed specifically to harm people by any route of exposure and to be effective at low doses. Mustard gas was used in World War I, and the nerve agents were developed shortly before, during, and after World War II. Our perception of the potency of chemical weapons has changed, as well as our concern over potential effects of prolonged exposures to low doses and potential target populations that indude women and cildren. Many of the toxicologic studies and human toxicity esmates for both mustard and nerve agents were designed for the purpose of quickly developing maximal casualties in the least sensitive male soldier. The 'toxcity" of the chemical weapons has not changed, but our perception of 'toxicity" has.

Protection from half‐mustard‐gas‐induced acute lung injury in the rat

“…1 It is an oily liquid and is a lipophilic alkylating agent that, when absorbed, causes chemical reactions with cellular components, resulting in cytotoxic effects. 1 -6 Mustard agents are most commonly described as vesicating or blistering agents, owing to the fact that the wounds most often seen in HD exposure resemble burns and blisters.…”

Effects of Chemical Weapons on Cancer Development in Human

“…Moreover, evidence considering a short-term, high dose single exposure of SM as a direct causative agent of lung cancer is lacking in the literature probably due to its lethality (Gupta, 2015). However, cases of human lung cancer due to long-term exposure to SM are well documented (Ghanei and Harandi, 2010 (Reutter, 1999 Similarly, mutations in p53 tumor suppressor gene have been detected in Japanese mustard gas workers (Takeshima et al, 1994). However, these mutations have not been firmly linked to carcinogenesis.…”

Riscos da utilização de Armas Químicas. Parte 1 - Histórico

“…Este ataque foi organizado por um grupo religioso conhecido como Aum Shinrikyo (Verdade Suprema) e provocou a morte de oito pessoas, com mais de 200 feridos (OKUMURA, et al 1996;REUTTER, 1999 v. 4, n. 3, p. 137-172, out.…”