Heat Production and Temperature Regulation

Brück, K.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2316-7_21

Cited by 50 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…The VCh therewith approaches the minimum value (standard metabolic rate). The measured from the 110th minute on (4.85 -4.60 ml/kg · min) is within the range of the value detailed in literature as to be applicable to healthy neonate [1,5]. Owing to the manipulation associated with resuscitation the resuscitated newborns were additionally cooled in a thorough way after birth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Temperature regulation in healthy and resuscitated newborns immediately after birth

Schubring¹

1986

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Temperature regulation in healthy and resuscitated newborns immediately after birth

Schubring¹

1986

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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“…The metabolic cost of weight gain was found to be approximately 2.3 kJ/g, which represents a significant part (i.e., 12-13%) of the overall energy expenditure. By contrast with term newborns who have low RQs (5,6,16,32), very low-birth-weight infants during the first two weeks of life exhibited RQs near unity indicating preferential carbohydrate utilisation, with an economy of lipid. …”

Section: Growth Rates It Is Generally Admitted (33 35) That Immaturementioning

confidence: 80%

Metabolic Cost of Growth in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Gudinchet¹,

Schütz²,

Micheli³

et al. 1982

Pediatr Res

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Summaryied. The characteristics of each child are given in Table 1. NoneForty-eight measurements of energy expenditure were performed in 15 very low-birth-weight infants during the first 6 wk of life. Their mean birth weight and gestation age was 1223 g and 31 wk respectively. Their mean weight gain was 11.2 g/kg*d (range: -6.6 to +15.9 g/kg d.). The mean energy expenditure increased from 170 kJ/kg-d (wk 1) to 252 kJ/kg*d (wk 6). There was a significant relationship between weight gain and energy expenditure (r = 0.58, P < 0.001) and also between the net increase in body weight gain and the net increase in energy expenditure (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). From the slopes of these regression lines, the metabolic cost of growth was found to be approximately 2.3 kJ/g of weight gain. Carbohydrate oxidation represented 80% of energy expenditure at the second wk and decreased to 65% the 6th wk, whereas lipid oxidation during the same period increased from 14 to 30% and the relative protein oxidation remained unchanged, covering 5-6% of the energy expended. SpeculationThere is need for information on the metabolic cost of growth in very low-birth-weight infants because a significant proportion of energy expenditure is associated with the metabolic cost of growth due to tissue synthesis. An attempt has been made to investigate the relationship between weight gain and energy expenditure in very low-birth-weight infants. In addition, substrate oxidation was determined during the first wk of life in order to elucidate which fuel was oxidized during this period of rapid growth.Although many authors have studied the energy expenditure of very low-birth-weight infants (4,7, 11,12, 16, 23, 26,27,29,31) the energetics of growth has received little attention, particularly the partition of energy expenditure between growth and nongrowth functions (30). In healthy immature infants, high rates of weight gain are achieved and the metabolic cost of growth may represent a substantial part of the total daily energy expenditure. Such a situation is also found in children recovering from proteinenergy malnutrition (3, 34) and from burn injury (18).Recently, several energy balance studies have been performed in very low-birth-weight infants (4, 29), but there is little information on repetitive long term measurements of energy expenditure and on the metabolic cost of growth. The total energy requirement of a growing infant can be separated into two components (25): one is the energy content of tissues deposited (stored energy), the other is the extra energy expended to synthesise and deposite new tissues (metabolic cost of growth). This study is concerned with the latter and with the fuels oxidized by very lowbirth-weight infants during the first 6 wk of life.

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“…The presence of abundant brown adipose tissue with a high thermogenic capacity in newborn infants, the increased sympathetic activity that occurs in newborn infants during exposure to cold and the large capacity of newborn infants for a thermogenic response to infused noradrenaline all suggest that brown adipose tissue is the major site of nonshivering thermogenesis in cold-exposed newborn infants (3,7). Since the resting metabolic rate can more than double in response to mild cold-exposure, most of the oxygen presumably being used in the brown adipose tissue, and since approximately 50% to 60% of the resting metabolic rate occurs in brain (15), it can be concluded that the capacity of brown adipose tissue to consume oxygen is greater than that of the brain in the newborn infant and many times that of muscle.…”

Section: Role Of Brown Adipose Tissue In the Thermogenic Response To mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermoregulation in the premature newborn has been very extensively studied and results of such studies have important implications for the care of premature or sick infants in incubators (7,16,40,44). The improved survival of premature infants housed in incubators at close to thermoneutrality was established in a series of studies some 30 to 40 years ago (40,45).…”

Section: Implications Of the Thermoregulatory Feeding Hypothesis For mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Thermoregulatory Feeding Occur in Newborn Infants? A Novel View of the Role of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermo genesis in Control of Food Intake

Himms‐Hagen

1995

Obesity Research

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HIMMS-HAGEN, JEAN. Does thermoregulatory feeding occur in newborn infants? A novel view of the role of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in control of food intake. Obes Res. 1995;3:361-369. The physiological significance of the extensive deposits of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in newborn human infants has been the subject of much experimentation and discussion. Because of its large thermogenic capacity, its function has usually been viewed as preparing the infant for producing heat in response to cold exposure at birth. Newborn infants are indeed capable of precise thermoregulation for a limited time over a rather limited range of ambient temperatures, from thermoneutrality (32-34'C) down to common "room" temperatures (24-28'C). During such mild "cold-exposure", in response to a decrease in their skin temperature, their sympathetic nervous system activity increases, and they can more than double their resting metabolic rate, principally by thermogenesis in their BAT. This review puts forward an entirely new role for BAT thermogenesis in the cyclic feeding pattern of newborn infants during their first months of life. BAT thermogenesis is proposed to be an integral element in a physiological thermoregulatory feeding control mechanism in which extended periods of very gradual cooling are interspersed with episodes of increased sympathetic nervous system activity, increased heating via BAT thermogenesis, arousal, and feeding. The cry with which the baby attracts its mother's attention is an integral part of the mechanism, as is the nutritive suckling reflex and the behavior of the mother. Initiation of feeding is attributed to a transient dip in blood glucose concentration that is due to stimulation of glucose utilization in the BAT. Termination of feeding is attributed to the high temperature brought about by the stimulated BAT thermogenesis. The duration of the urge to feed extends from the time of the cry to the time of the peak rise in temperature, when feeding stops. There is no clear circadian rhythm in core temperature in newborn infants, and meals occur at fairly frequent intervals both day and night in infants that are fed on demand. These physiological mechanisms are consistent with the limited information on phenomena attending spontaneous feeding in the newborn human infant and with what is known about the physiological control of feeding in rats. In rats, thermoregulatory feeding is defined as a feeding episode that occurs during a transient but marked increase in sympathetic nervous system activity that has several consequences.It stimulates BAT thermogenesis and increases body temperature. It produces a transient decline in blood glucose concentration secondary to the increased uptake of glucose by the stimulated BAT; this signals the initiation of the feeding episode. Subsequently the high temperature induced by BAT thermogenesis signals termination of the feeding episode. The size of the meal is determined by the balance between the capacity for BAT thermogenesis (heat production) and ambie...

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Heat Production and Temperature Regulation

Cited by 50 publications

References 144 publications

Temperature regulation in healthy and resuscitated newborns immediately after birth

Temperature regulation in healthy and resuscitated newborns immediately after birth

Metabolic Cost of Growth in Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants

Does Thermoregulatory Feeding Occur in Newborn Infants? A Novel View of the Role of Brown Adipose Tissue Thermo genesis in Control of Food Intake

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