Heat Shock Proteins Alterations in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease characterized by the attack of the immune system on the body’s healthy joint lining and degeneration of articular structures. This disease involves an increased release of inflammatory mediators in the affected joint that sensitize sensory neurons and create a positive feedback loop to further enhance their release. Among these mediators, the cytokines and neuropeptides are responsible for the crippling pain and the persistent neurogenic inflammation associated with RA. More importantly, specific proteins released either centrally or peripherally have been shown to play opposing roles in the pathogenesis of this disease: an inflammatory role that mediates and increases the severity of inflammatory response and/or an anti-inflammatory and protective role that modulates the process of inflammation. In this review, we will shed light on the neuroimmune function of different members of the heat shock protein (HSPs) family and the complex manifold actions that they exert during the course of RA. Specifically, we will focus our discussion on the duality in the mechanism of action of Hsp27, Hsp60, Hsp70, and Hsp90.

A comprehensive analysis of rheumatoid arthritis B cells reveals the importance of CD11c+vedouble-negative-2 B cells as the major synovial plasma cell precursor

“…A novel cluster of 1,708 (6.3%) B cells expressed high levels of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and are called henceforth HSP +ve B cells. Although an increase in HSPs has been reported in the synovial fluid of RA patients, the subset of immune cells producing them has not been identified (30). The B cells in the HSP +ve cluster expressed high levels of HSP genes including HSPA1A, HSPA6, HSPA1B , and HSPB1 (Fig.…”

Exploring the theranostic potentials of miRNA and epigenetic networks in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review

“…30 In addition, B lymphocytes are also responsible for the secretion of rheumatoid factors (RF) and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). 31 growth factor, and these cytokines have a significant contribution in the aetiology and pathogenesis of the ailment. 30 In the early stages of the disease, macrophages stimulate T cells and enhance the production of IL-1α, IL-1β, and Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).…”

“…30 In the early stages of the disease, macrophages stimulate T cells and enhance the production of IL-1α, IL-1β, and Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). 31 The inflammatory mediators secreted by the autoreactive immune cells interact with neurons and neuroglia, resulting in neurogenic inflammation. 31 RA patients are often broadly classified into ACPA-positive and ACPAnegative.…”

The Chaperone System in Salivary Glands: Hsp90 Prospects for Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Tumors

“…The molecular chaperones are the chief components of the CS, and they encompass a variety of molecules that can be classified into groups according to molecular weight encompassing the following ranges in kDa: ≤34; 35–54; 55–64; 65–80; 81–99; 100–199; and ≥200 [ 8 ]. Some of these groups include families of phylogenetically related molecules named heat shock protein (Hsp), for instance, the Small Hsp (sHsp; which bear the alpha-crystallin motif), Hsp40/DnaJ, Hsp70/DnaK, and Hsp90 families [ 9 ]. A proposal for the nomenclature of CS members is available [ 10 ].…”