Heel pad thickness following calcaneal fractures: ultrasound findings

Silver, David; Kerr, P.S.; Andrews, Heather; Atkins, Roger M.

doi:10.1016/0020-1383(94)90182-1

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…B , D , asterisk), it appears that the adipose pad in the heel could be unusually thick compared to its normal thickness in females, as reported to be about 12 mm . Compensatory thickening of the heel fat pad has also been observed to occur within 2 years following a foot trauma that reduces mobility of the ankle . It follows that soft tissue adaptation compensates for the deficiency of the shock‐dampening function of the bones of the foot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…(31) Compensatory thickening of the heel fat pad has also been observed to occur within 2 years following a foot trauma that reduces mobility of the ankle. (32) It follows that soft tissue adaptation compensates for the deficiency of the shock-dampening function of the bones of the foot. Thickening of the adipose pad, altered posture and gait likely contributed to shock-dampening as a collective compensatory mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functional Adaptation of the Calcaneus in Historical Foot Binding

Reznikov

Phillips

Cooke

et al. 2017

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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The normal structure of human feet is optimized for shock dampening during walking and running. Foot binding was a historical practice in China aimed at restricting the growth of female feet for aesthetic reasons. In a bound foot the shock-dampening function normally facilitated by the foot arches is withdrawn, resulting in the foot functioning as a rigid extension of the lower leg. An interesting question inspiring this study regards the nature of adaptation of the heel bone to this nonphysiological function using the parameters of cancellous bone anisotropy and 3D fabric topology and a novel intertrabecular angle (ITA) analysis. We found that the trabecular microarchitecture of the normal heel bone, but not of the bound foot, adapts to function by increased anisotropy and preferred orientation of trabeculae. The anisotropic texture in the normal heel bone consistently follows the physiological stress trajectories. However, in the bound foot heel bone the characteristic anisotropy pattern fails to develop, reflecting the lack of a normal biomechanical input. Moreover, the basic topological blueprint of cancellous bone investigated by the ITA method is nearly invariant in both normal and bound foot. These findings suggest that the anisotropic cancellous bone texture is an acquired characteristic that reflects recurrent loading conditions; conversely, an inadequate biomechanical input precludes the formation of anisotropic texture. This opens a long-sought-after possibility to reconstruct bone function from its form. The conserved topological parameters characterize the generic 3D fabric of cancellous bone, which is to a large extent independent of its adaptation to recurrent loading and perhaps determines the mechanical competence of trabecular bone regardless of its functional adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Adaptation of the Calcaneus in Historical Foot Binding

Reznikov

Phillips

Cooke

et al. 2017

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The effects of body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in healthy individuals on heel pad compressibility index (HPCI) have been reported in studies based on direct radiography. [4][5][6] Weight-bearing heel pad thickness can be measured reliably with high-resolution sonography in the feet of healthy individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heel pad thickness and athletic activity in healthy young adults: A sonographic study

Üzel

Cetinus

Ekerbiçer

et al. 2006

J of Clinical Ultrasound

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“…The vertical ground reaction impact force can exceed 2 body weights (Dickinson et al, 1985;Challis, 2001). Silver et al (1994), in a group of patients who had changed their loading on the heel pad of one leg due to fractures of the calcaneum, found reduced loading changed heel pad properties. This raises the question whether repetitive increased loading, as occurs as a consequence of running training, may change the properties of the heel pad.…”

Section: Computation Of Heel Pad Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of the Human Heel Pad: A Comparison between Populations

Challis

Murdoch

Winter

2008

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

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The purpose of this study was to compare the heel pad mechanical properties of runners, who repetitively load the heel pad during training, with cyclists who do not load their heel pads during training. Ten competitive long distance runners and 10 competitive cyclists volunteered for this study. The thickness of the unloaded heel pad was measured using realtime B-mode ultrasonography. A heel pad indentation device was used to measure the mechanical properties of the heel pads. To evaluate the differences between the two groups, in heel pad properties, a repeat measures analysis of variance was used (p< .05). Heel pad thickness was not different between groups when normalized with respect to subject height. There was no significant difference between the groups in percentage energy loss during loading and unloading (runners: 61.4% ± 8.6; cyclists: 62.5% ± 4.6). Heel pad stiffness for the runners was statistically significantly less than that of the cyclists (p= .0018; runners: 17.1 N·mm−1± 3.0; cyclists: 20.4 N·mm−1± 4.0). These results indicate that the nature of the activity undertaken by individuals may influence their heel pad properties. This finding may be important when considering differences in heel pad properties between different populations.

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Heel pad thickness following calcaneal fractures: ultrasound findings

Cited by 25 publications

References 6 publications

Functional Adaptation of the Calcaneus in Historical Foot Binding

Functional Adaptation of the Calcaneus in Historical Foot Binding

Heel pad thickness and athletic activity in healthy young adults: A sonographic study

Mechanical Properties of the Human Heel Pad: A Comparison between Populations

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