Mechanical Properties of the Human Heel Pad: A Comparison between Populations

Challis, John H.; Murdoch, Chloe; Winter, Samantha L.

doi:10.1123/jab.24.4.377

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The mechanical properties of the heel pad govern the force-deformation behaviour of the heel pad during heel strike and therefore these properties affect the loading on musculoskeletal system [67]. In order to investigate the force-deformation behaviour of the heel pad in in vitro, in situ and in vivo conditions, several mathematical models have been developed and utilised [36,40,42,53,65,[68][69][70][71][72][73][74]. Additionally, a number of FE analyses were used to quantify the mechanical behaviour of the heel pad [45,52,[75][76][77][78][79][80].…”

Section: Quantifying Mechanical Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Naemi¹,

Behforootan²,

Chatzistergos³

et al. 2016

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials

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Mechanical properties of the plantar soft tissue, which acts as the interface between the skeleton and the ground, play an important role in distributing the force underneath the foot and in influencing the load transfer to the entire body during weight-bearing activities. Hence, understanding the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue and the mathematical equations that govern such behaviour can have important applications in investigating the effect of disease and injuries on soft tissue function. The plantar soft tissue of the foot shows a viscoelastic behaviour, where the reaction force is not only dependent on the amount of deformation but also influenced by the deformation rate. This chapter provides an insight into the mechanical behaviour of plantar soft tissue during loading with specific emphasis on heel pad, which is the first point of contact during normal gait. Furthermore, the methods of assessing the mechanical behaviour including the in vitro/in situ and in vivo are discussed, and examples of creep, stress relaxation, rate dependency and hysteresis behaviour of the heel pad are shown. In addition, the viscoelastic models that represent the mechanical behaviour of the plantar soft tissue under load along with the equations that govern this behaviour are elaborated and discussed.

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Section: Quantifying Mechanical Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Naemi¹,

Behforootan²,

Chatzistergos³

et al. 2016

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Materials

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“…As discussed above, whereas the "normal" sonographic appearance of the plantar heel pad has not been formally documented, prior investigators have described the sonographic appearance of the heel pad as being uniformly heterogeneous with hyperechoic septa interposed between lobular hypoechoic fat regions. 7,16,18,19 For the purpose of this study, any loss of this uniform appearance was considered abnormal. When present, the appearance and location of specific lesions were recorded (ie, more organized focal hypoechoic areas or anechoic cystic fluid collections).…”

Section: Sonographic Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7,[15][16][17][18][19] Structurally, the heel pad is arranged into a superficial microchamber and a deep macrochamber, which are separated by a fibrous layer referred to as the internal cup of the heel. 20 Consequently, the sonographic appearance of the normal heel pad is best described as a pattern of uniform heterogeneity in which circular or ovoid hypoechoic fat pockets are separated by hyperechoic fibrous septa.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sonographic Evaluation of the Plantar Heel in Asymptomatic Endurance Runners

Hall

Finnoff

Sayeed

et al. 2015

J of Ultrasound Medicine

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lantar heel pain is a common condition affecting endurance runners and accounts for approximately 8% of all runningrelated injuries. 1 Although plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain in the athletic population, 2,3 the differential diagnosis of heel pain is broad and includes plantar heel pad syndrome (also referred to as fat pad syndrome), calcaneal fractures, regional nerve entrapments (eg, Baxter nerve), and referred pain syndromes. 2 The role of musculoskeletal sonography in the evaluation of plantar heel pain has been well established with respect to the plantar fascia. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] More specifically, plantar fascia thickening (>4 mm), hypoecho genicity, heterogeneity, and neovascularization are considered reliable markers of symptomatic plantar fasciitis, whereas a normalappearing plantar fascia warrants consideration of alternative causes of heel pain. 1,3,4,9,[12][13][14] On the contrary, the role of sonography Mederic M. Hall, MD, Jonathan T. Finnoff, DO, Yusef A. Sayeed, MD, MPH, MEng, Jay Smith, MD Received December 31, 2014, ORIGINAL RESEARCHObjectives-The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence and spectrum of asymptomatic sonographically determined structural changes in the plantar fascia and plantar heel pad among experienced runners without a history of heel pain.Methods-Thirty-nine asymptomatic runners without a history of plantar heel pain were recruited. The following sonographic measures were recorded: power Doppler sonography in the plantar heel pad and plantar fascia, echo texture of the plantar heel pad, uncompressed heel pad thickness, compressed heel pad thickness, heel pad compressibility index, plantar fascia thickness, and plantar fascia echo texture. Conclusions-At least 1 potentially abnormal sonographic finding was present in each heel of all asymptomatic runners in this study. Consequently, sonographic abnormalities in the plantar heel should be interpreted within the clinical context when evaluating runners. Results-Doppler

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“…Researchers have evaluated various objective and subjective properties on the plantar surface of the foot (Aerts and De Clercq, 1993;Cavanagh et al, 1984;Challis et al, 2008;Gonzalez et al, 1999;Hurn et al, 2014;Kinoshita et al, 1992;Rodrigo et al, 2013;Xiong et al, 2010). Unfortunately, there is no way to compare the results of these studies except at the common anatomical landmarks that the researchers have used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure thresholds and stiffness on the plantar surface of the human foot

2016

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The objective was to develop a methodology to assess Pressure Discomfort Thresholds (PDT), Pressure Pain Thresholds (PPT), and tissue stiffness on the plantar surface of the foot. Ten male and ten female participants volunteered for the study. Foot landmarks were used to create a standardized grid-type template of 95 points. For each test point, PPT and PDT values were obtained, and stiffness was calculated for each of the twenty participants. Cluster analyses were performed to determine the regions of similarity for the three dependent variables, PPT, PDT and stiffness. Moran's-I-index was used to determine the spatial auto correlations. The use of k-means clustering showed five distinct clusters while the three dependent variables showed strong correlations to each other. Morisita's similarity index was used to check the similarity of the grid among all participants. Both male and female participants showed a Morisita's index greater than 0.7 confirming the reliability of the foot template.Practitioner Summary: Pressure Discomfort thresholds (PPT), Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) and tissue stiffness were evaluated at 95 points on the plantar surface of the foot. The PPT and related PDT map are useful to design the footbeds of shoes. Based on the data collected, five distinct clusters of locations were identified.

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Mechanical Properties of the Human Heel Pad: A Comparison between Populations

Cited by 27 publications

References 29 publications

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Viscoelasticity in Foot-Ground Interaction

Sonographic Evaluation of the Plantar Heel in Asymptomatic Endurance Runners

Pressure thresholds and stiffness on the plantar surface of the human foot

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