Hemoglobin and hematocrit are not such good candidates to detect autologous blood doping

Pialoux, Vincent; Mounier, Rémi; Brugniaux, Julien V.

doi:10.1007/s12185-009-0330-5

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While methods to detect rhEPO [ 33 , 34 ] and homologous blood transfusion [ 35 ] have successfully been developed, no direct method is available for autologous blood transfusion [ 36 , 37 ]. Currently the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) [ 38 , 39 ] is the best practice, although with known limitations [ 36 , 40 ]. It can therefore be assumed that cheating athletes has returned to the practice of blood transfusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autologous Doping with Cryopreserved Red Blood Cells – Effects on Physical Performance and Detection by Multivariate Statistics

et al. 2016

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The discovery of erythropoietin (EPO) simplified blood doping in sports, but improved detection methods, for EPO has forced cheating athletes to return to blood transfusion. Autologous blood transfusion with cryopreserved red blood cells (RBCs) is the method of choice, because no valid method exists to accurately detect such event. In endurance sports, it can be estimated that elite athletes improve performance by up to 3% with blood doping, regardless of method. Valid detection methods for autologous blood doping is important to maintain credibility of athletic performances. Recreational male (N = 27) and female (N = 11) athletes served as Transfusion (N = 28) and Control (N = 10) subjects in two different transfusion settings. Hematological variables and physical performance were measured before donation of 450 or 900 mL whole blood, and until four weeks after re-infusion of the cryopreserved RBC fraction. Blood was analyzed for transferrin, iron, Hb, EVF, MCV, MCHC, reticulocytes, leucocytes and EPO. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and pattern recognition using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Projections of Latent Structures (OPLS) discriminant analysis (DA) investigated differences between Control and Transfusion groups over time. Significant increase in performance (15 ± 8%) and VO2max (17 ± 10%) (mean ± SD) could be measured 48 h after RBC re-infusion, and remained increased for up to four weeks in some subjects. In total, 533 blood samples were included in the study (Clean = 220, Transfused = 313). In response to blood transfusion, the largest change in hematological variables occurred 48 h after blood donation, when Control and Transfused groups could be separated with OPLS-DA (R2 = 0.76/Q2 = 0.59). RBC re-infusion resulted in the best model (R2 = 0.40/Q2 = 0.10) at the first sampling point (48 h), predicting one false positive and one false negative. Over all, a 25% and 86% false positives ratio was achieved in two separate trials. In conclusions, autologous re-infusion of RBCs increased VO2max and performance as hypothesized, but hematological profiling by multivariate statistics could not reach the WADA stipulated false positive ratio of <0.001% at any time point investigated. A majority of samples remained within limits of normal individual variation at all times.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autologous Doping with Cryopreserved Red Blood Cells – Effects on Physical Performance and Detection by Multivariate Statistics

et al. 2016

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“…[26,[28][29][30][31] Initial studies done with only two days between blood donations and blood re-infusion [30] showed the suitability of the approach. [26,[28][29][30][31] Initial studies done with only two days between blood donations and blood re-infusion [30] showed the suitability of the approach.…”

Section: Blood Markers Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[25] However, as some of these parameters are easily affected by dehydration or altitude training, the use of this protocol seems limited. [26] New parameters, such as the relationship of total RBC haemoglobin (RBCHb)/total reticulocytes haemoglobin (reticHb), have been proposed for greater sensitivity. [27] This relationship has the advantage that variations in plasma volume affect the numerator and denominator similarly and should cancel the effect on the scoring of the test.…”

Section: Blood Markers Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From studies of the different blood parameters as an acute indicator, so far the total mass of hemoglobin (tHB) seems the most sensitive. [26,[28][29][30][31] Initial studies done with only two days between blood donations and blood re-infusion [30] showed the suitability of the approach. However, when the method was extended to a more normal practice (longer period between the two procedures), the method presented sensitivity yet, but showed the limitation of the need for prior knowledge of the stable baseline for each athlete, which is quite difficult.…”

Section: Blood Markers Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection methods for autologous blood doping

Segura

Monfort

Ventura

2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The use of blood doping is forbidden by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Several practices, such as blood transfusions are used to increase oxygen delivery to muscles and all of them are highly pursued. In this regard, the development of accurate methodologies for detecting these prohibited practices is one of the current aims of the anti-doping control laboratories. Flow cytometry methods are able to detect allogeneic blood transfusions but there is no official methodology available to detect autologous blood transfusions. This paper reviews protocols, including the Athlete Biological Passport, that use indirect markers to detect misuse of blood transfusions, especially autologous blood transfusions. The methods of total haemoglobin mass measurements and the detection of metabolites of blood bags plasticizers in urine are reviewed. The latter seems to be an important step forward because it is a fast screening method and it is based on urine, a fluid widely available for doping control. Other innovative approaches to blood transfusion detection are also mentioned. A combination of the reported methodologies and the implementation of the Athlete Biological Passport is becoming a promising approach.

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“…This proposal was challenged on the grounds of other investigations demonstrating that the recommended thresholds are exceeded under exercise conditions rather commonly employed in elite sport. [98] Hence, further development might be required.…”

Section: Enhancement Of Oxygen Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

Thevis

Kuuranne

Geyer

et al. 2010

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Hemoglobin and hematocrit are not such good candidates to detect autologous blood doping

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Autologous Doping with Cryopreserved Red Blood Cells – Effects on Physical Performance and Detection by Multivariate Statistics

Autologous Doping with Cryopreserved Red Blood Cells – Effects on Physical Performance and Detection by Multivariate Statistics

Detection methods for autologous blood doping

Annual banned‐substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing

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